Abstract
Abstract Waterhemp has evolved resistance to Group 2, 5, 9, 14, and 27 herbicides in Ontario, Canada, making control of this challenging weed even more difficult. Acetochlor is a Group 15, chloroacetanilide herbicide that has activity on many small-seeded annual grasses and some small-seeded annual broadleaf weeds, including waterhemp. The objective of this study was to ascertain if acetochlor mixtures with broadleaf herbicides (dicamba, metribuzin, diflufenican, sulfentrazone, or flumioxazin), applied preemergence (PRE), increase multiple-herbicide-resistant (MHR) waterhemp control in soybean. Five trials were conducted over 2 yr (2021 and 2022). The acetochlor mixtures caused ≤7% soybean injury, except acetochlor + flumioxazin, which caused 19% soybean injury. Acetochlor applied PRE controlled MHR waterhemp 89% at 4 wk after application (WAA). Dicamba, metribuzin, diflufenican, sulfentrazone, or flumioxazin controlled MHR waterhemp 59%, 67%, 58%, 64%, and 86%, respectively, at 4 WAA. Acetochlor applied in a mixture with dicamba, metribuzin, diflufenican, sulfentrazone, or flumioxazin provided good to excellent control of MHR waterhemp; control ranged from 91% to 98% but was similar to acetochlor applied alone. Acetochlor alone reduced MHR waterhemp density and biomass 98% and 93%; acetochlor + flumioxazin reduced waterhemp density and biomass by an additional 2% and 7%, respectively. This research concludes that acetochlor applied in a mixture with flumioxazin was the most efficacious mixture evaluated for MHR waterhemp control.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Acetochlor applied preemergence controlled MHR waterhemp 89% at 4 weeks after application.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- Acetochlor applied PREe1
- Interactor
- waterhempe1weed
- Outcome
- MHR waterhempe1
- Direction
- controllede1
- Value
- 89%e1
- Qualifier
- at 4 wk after applicatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“waterhemp control in soybean”
e1“Acetochlor applied PRE controlled MHR waterhemp 89% at 4 wk after application”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba controlled MHR waterhemp 59% at 4 weeks after application.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Dicambae2
- Interactor
- waterhempe2weed
- Outcome
- MHR waterhempe2
- Direction
- controllede2
- Value
- 59%e2
- Qualifier
- at 4 WAAe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“waterhemp control in soybean”
e2“Dicamba, metribuzin, diflufenican, sulfentrazone, or flumioxazin controlled MHR waterhemp 59%, 67%, 58%, 64%, and 86%, respectively, at 4 WAA”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin controlled MHR waterhemp 67% at 4 weeks after application.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- metribuzine2
- Interactor
- waterhempe2weed
- Outcome
- MHR waterhempe2
- Direction
- controllede2
- Value
- 67%e2
- Qualifier
- at 4 WAAe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“waterhemp control in soybean”
e2“Dicamba, metribuzin, diflufenican, sulfentrazone, or flumioxazin controlled MHR waterhemp 59%, 67%, 58%, 64%, and 86%, respectively, at 4 WAA”
Claim · model-written summary
Diflufenican controlled MHR waterhemp 58% at 4 weeks after application.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- diflufenicane2
- Interactor
- waterhempe2weed
- Outcome
- MHR waterhempe2
- Direction
- controllede2
- Value
- 58%e2
- Qualifier
- at 4 WAAe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“waterhemp control in soybean”
e2“Dicamba, metribuzin, diflufenican, sulfentrazone, or flumioxazin controlled MHR waterhemp 59%, 67%, 58%, 64%, and 86%, respectively, at 4 WAA”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfentrazone controlled MHR waterhemp 64% at 4 weeks after application.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- sulfentrazonee2
- Interactor
- waterhempe2weed
- Outcome
- MHR waterhempe2
- Direction
- controllede2
- Value
- 64%e2
- Qualifier
- at 4 WAAe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“waterhemp control in soybean”
e2“Dicamba, metribuzin, diflufenican, sulfentrazone, or flumioxazin controlled MHR waterhemp 59%, 67%, 58%, 64%, and 86%, respectively, at 4 WAA”
Claim · model-written summary
Flumioxazin controlled MHR waterhemp 86% at 4 weeks after application.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- flumioxazine2
- Interactor
- waterhempe2weed
- Outcome
- MHR waterhempe2
- Direction
- controllede2
- Value
- 86%e2
- Qualifier
- at 4 WAAe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“waterhemp control in soybean”
e2“Dicamba, metribuzin, diflufenican, sulfentrazone, or flumioxazin controlled MHR waterhemp 59%, 67%, 58%, 64%, and 86%, respectively, at 4 WAA”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetochlor mixtures with broadleaf herbicides gave 91% to 98% control of MHR waterhemp, similar to acetochlor applied alone.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Acetochlor applied in a mixture with dicamba, metribuzin, diflufenican, sulfentrazone, or flumioxazine3
- Interactor
- waterhempe3weed
- Outcome
- controle3
- Direction
- similare3
- Value
- 91% to 98%e3
- Comparator
- acetochlor applied alonee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“waterhemp control in soybean”
e3“Acetochlor applied in a mixture with dicamba, metribuzin, diflufenican, sulfentrazone, or flumioxazin provided good to excellent control of MHR waterhemp; control ranged from 91% to 98% but was similar to acetochlor applied alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetochlor alone reduced MHR waterhemp density by 98%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Acetochlor alonee4
- Interactor
- waterhempe4weed
- Outcome
- MHR waterhemp densitye4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 98%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“waterhemp control in soybean”
e4“Acetochlor alone reduced MHR waterhemp density and biomass 98% and 93%”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetochlor alone reduced MHR waterhemp biomass by 93%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Acetochlor alonee4
- Interactor
- waterhempe4weed
- Outcome
- biomasse4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 93%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“waterhemp control in soybean”
e4“Acetochlor alone reduced MHR waterhemp density and biomass 98% and 93%”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetochlor plus flumioxazin reduced waterhemp density by an additional 2% relative to acetochlor alone.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- acetochlor + flumioxazine5
- Interactor
- waterhempe5weed
- Outcome
- waterhemp densitye5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 2%e5
- Comparator
- Acetochlor alonee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“waterhemp control in soybean”
e4“Acetochlor alone reduced MHR waterhemp density and biomass 98% and 93%”
e5“acetochlor + flumioxazin reduced waterhemp density and biomass by an additional 2% and 7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetochlor plus flumioxazin reduced waterhemp biomass by an additional 7% relative to acetochlor alone.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- acetochlor + flumioxazine5
- Interactor
- waterhempe5weed
- Outcome
- biomasse5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 7%e5
- Comparator
- Acetochlor alonee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“waterhemp control in soybean”
e4“Acetochlor alone reduced MHR waterhemp density and biomass 98% and 93%”
e5“acetochlor + flumioxazin reduced waterhemp density and biomass by an additional 2% and 7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetochlor mixtures caused 7% or less soybean injury.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe6
- Treatment
- acetochlor mixturese6
- Outcome
- soybean injurye6
- Direction
- increaseinferrede6
- Value
- ≤7%e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“waterhemp control in soybean”
e6“The acetochlor mixtures caused ≤7% soybean injury”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetochlor plus flumioxazin caused 19% soybean injury.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe7
- Treatment
- acetochlor + flumioxazine7
- Outcome
- soybean injurye7
- Direction
- increaseinferrede7
- Value
- 19%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“waterhemp control in soybean”
e7“except acetochlor + flumioxazin, which caused 19% soybean injury”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetochlor applied in a mixture with flumioxazin was the most efficacious mixture evaluated for MHR waterhemp control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- acetochlor applied in a mixture with flumioxazine7
- Interactor
- waterhempe7weed
- Outcome
- waterhemp controle7
- Direction
- most efficaciouse7
- Comparator
- mixture evaluatede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“waterhemp control in soybean”
e7“acetochlor applied in a mixture with flumioxazin was the most efficacious mixture evaluated for MHR waterhemp control”
The same questions in other papers
acetochlor · crop injury · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
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acetochlor · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
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See all 5 papers →flumioxazin · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
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See all 12 papers →sulfentrazone · control · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
18 reporting no difference from an alternative
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See all 19 papers →dicamba · control · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 27 reporting no difference from an alternative
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See all 31 papers →metribuzin · control · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 43 reporting no difference from an alternative
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See all 48 papers →acetochlor · control · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
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See all 6 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.