Abstract
Glyphosate typically controls Palmer amaranth very well. However, glyphosate-resistant (GR) biotypes of this weed are present in several southern states, requiring the development of effective alternatives to glyphosate-only management strategies. Field experiments were conducted in seven North Carolina environments to evaluate control of glyphosate-susceptible (GS) and GR Palmer amaranth in narrow-row soybean by glyphosate and conventional herbicide systems. Conventional systems included either pendimethalin or S -metolachlor applied PRE alone or mixed with flumioxazin, fomesafen, or metribuzin plus chlorimuron followed by fomesafen or no herbicide POST. S -metolachlor was more effective at controlling GR and GS Palmer amaranth than pendimethalin; flumioxazin and fomesafen were generally more effective than metribuzin plus chlorimuron. Fomesafen applied POST following PRE herbicides increased Palmer amaranth control and soybean yield compared with PRE-only herbicide systems. Glyphosate alone applied once POST controlled GS Palmer amaranth 97% late in the season. Glyphosate was more effective than fomesafen plus clethodim applied POST. Control of GS Palmer amaranth when treated with pendimethalin or S -metolachlor plus flumioxazin, fomesafen, or metribuzin plus chlorimuron applied PRE followed by fomesafen POST was equivalent to control achieved by glyphosate applied once POST. In fields with GR Palmer amaranth, greater than 80% late-season control was obtained only with systems of pendimethalin or S -metolachlor plus flumioxazin, fomesafen, or metribuzin plus chlorimuron applied PRE followed by fomesafen POST. Systems of pendimethalin or S -metolachlor plus flumioxazin, fomesafen, or metribuzin plus chlorimuron applied PRE without fomesafen POST controlled GR Palmer amaranth less than 30% late in the season. Systems of pendimethalin or S -metolachlor PRE followed by fomesafen POST controlled GR Palmer amaranth less than 60% late in the season.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
S-metolachlor controlled resistant and susceptible Palmer amaranth more effectively than pendimethalin.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- S -metolachlore0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- controlling GR and GS Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- pendimethaline0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S -metolachlor was more effective at controlling GR and GS Palmer amaranth than pendimethalin”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Flumioxazin and fomesafen generally controlled Palmer amaranth better than metribuzin plus chlorimuron.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- flumioxazin and fomesafene0
- Interactor
- Palmer Amarantht0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer Amarantht0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- metribuzin plus chlorimurone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flumioxazin and fomesafen were generally more effective than metribuzin plus chlorimuron.”
t0“Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Control in Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Postemergence fomesafen increased Palmer amaranth control versus preemergence-only systems.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Fomesafen applied POST following PRE herbicidese0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranth controle0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- PRE-only herbicide systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fomesafen applied POST following PRE herbicides increased Palmer amaranth control and soybean yield compared with PRE-only herbicide systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Postemergence fomesafen increased soybean yield versus preemergence-only systems.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Fomesafen applied POST following PRE herbicidese0
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- PRE-only herbicide systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fomesafen applied POST following PRE herbicides increased Palmer amaranth control and soybean yield compared with PRE-only herbicide systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
One postemergence glyphosate application controlled susceptible Palmer amaranth 97% late in the season.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Glyphosate alone applied once POSTe0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- GS Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- 97%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glyphosate alone applied once POST controlled GS Palmer amaranth 97% late in the season.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate controlled Palmer amaranth more effectively than postemergence fomesafen plus clethodim.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Glyphosatee0
- Interactor
- Palmer Amarantht0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer Amarantht0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- fomesafen plus clethodim applied POSTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glyphosate was more effective than fomesafen plus clethodim applied POST.”
t0“Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Control in Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The specified preemergence-plus-postemergence systems gave equivalent susceptible Palmer amaranth control to one postemergence glyphosate application.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin or S -metolachlor plus flumioxazin, fomesafen, or metribuzin plus chlorimuron applied PRE followed by fomesafen POSTe0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Control of GS Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- equivalente0
- Comparator
- glyphosate applied once POSTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Control of GS Palmer amaranth when treated with pendimethalin or S -metolachlor plus flumioxazin, fomesafen, or metribuzin plus chlorimuron applied PRE followed by fomesafen POST was equivalent to control achieved by glyphosate applied once POST.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
In resistant Palmer amaranth fields, only preemergence mixtures followed by postemergence fomesafen exceeded 80% late-season control.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin or S -metolachlor plus flumioxazin, fomesafen, or metribuzin plus chlorimuron applied PRE followed by fomesafen POSTe0
- Interactor
- GR Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- late-season controle0
- Direction
- greater thane0
- Value
- 80%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In fields with GR Palmer amaranth, greater than 80% late-season control was obtained only with systems of pendimethalin or S -metolachlor plus flumioxazin, fomesafen, or metribuzin plus chlorimuron applied PRE followed by fomesafen POST.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Preemergence mixtures without postemergence fomesafen controlled resistant Palmer amaranth less than 30%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin or S -metolachlor plus flumioxazin, fomesafen, or metribuzin plus chlorimuron applied PRE without fomesafen POSTe0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- GR Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Value
- 30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Systems of pendimethalin or S -metolachlor plus flumioxazin, fomesafen, or metribuzin plus chlorimuron applied PRE without fomesafen POST controlled GR Palmer amaranth less than 30% late in the season.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin or S-metolachlor followed by postemergence fomesafen controlled resistant Palmer amaranth less than 60%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin or S -metolachlor PRE followed by fomesafen POSTe0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- GR Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Value
- 60%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Systems of pendimethalin or S -metolachlor PRE followed by fomesafen POST controlled GR Palmer amaranth less than 60% late in the season.”
t0“Soybean”
The same questions in other papers
fomesafen · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
19 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- negative
20 papers more in this group
See all 24 papers →pendimethalin · organism · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
glyphosate · physiology: gas exchange · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
fomesafen · organism · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
chlorimuron · organism · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- no effect
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →metribuzin · organism · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →metolachlor · organism · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →pendimethalin · control · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- no effect
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →8 of 17 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.