Abstract
High levels of ammonium nutrition reduce plant growth and different plant species have developed distinct strategies to maximize ammonium acquisition while alleviating ammonium toxicity through modulating root growth. To date, the mechanisms underlying plant tolerance or sensitivity towards ammonium remain unclear. Rice (Oryza sativa) uses ammonium as its main N source. Here we show that ammonium supply restricts rice root elongation and induces a helical growth pattern, which is attributed to root acidification resulting from ammonium uptake. Ammonium-induced low pH triggers the asymmetric distribution of auxin in rice root tips through changes in auxin signaling, thereby inducing a helical growth response. Blocking auxin signaling completely inhibited this root response. In contrast, this root response is not activated in ammonium-treated Arabidopsis. Acidification of Arabidopsis roots leads to the protonation of indole-3-acetic acid and dampening of the intracellular auxin signaling levels that are required for maintaining root growth. Our study suggests a different mode of action by ammonium on the root pattern and auxin response machinery in rice versus Arabidopsis, and the rice-specific helical root response towards ammonium is an expression of the ability of rice to moderate auxin signaling and root growth to utilize ammonium while confronting acidic stress.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium supply restricts rice root elongation.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- ammonium supplye0
- Outcome
- rice root elongatione0
- Direction
- restrictse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice (Oryza sativa) uses ammonium as its main N source. Here we show that ammonium supply restricts rice root elongation and induces a helical growth pattern”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium induces helical root growth in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ammonium supplye0
- Outcome
- helical growth patterne0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice (Oryza sativa) uses ammonium as its main N source. Here we show that ammonium supply restricts rice root elongation and induces a helical growth pattern”
Claim · model-written summary
Root acidification from ammonium uptake is attributed as the cause of rice helical growth.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- helical growth patterne0
- Qualifier
- root acidification resulting from ammonium uptakee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice root elongation and induces a helical growth pattern, which is attributed to root acidification resulting from ammonium uptake.”
e1“Rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium-induced low pH triggers asymmetric auxin distribution in rice root tips through altered signaling.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Ammonium-induced low pHe0
- Outcome
- asymmetric distribution of auxin in rice root tipse0
- Qualifier
- changes in auxin signalinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ammonium-induced low pH triggers the asymmetric distribution of auxin in rice root tips through changes in auxin signaling”
Claim · model-written summary
Blocking auxin signaling inhibited the rice helical root response.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Blocking auxin signalinge0
- Outcome
- helical growth responsee1
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- completelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Blocking auxin signaling completely inhibited this root response.”
e1“rice root tips through changes in auxin signaling, thereby inducing a helical growth response.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium treatment did not activate the helical root response in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Treatment
- ammonium-treatede0
- Outcome
- root responsee0
- Direction
- not activatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this root response is not activated in ammonium-treated Arabidopsis.”
Claim · model-written summary
Arabidopsis root acidification protonates indole-3-acetic acid.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Outcome
- protonation of indole-3-acetic acide0
- Qualifier
- Acidification of Arabidopsis rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Acidification of Arabidopsis roots leads to the protonation of indole-3-acetic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
Arabidopsis root acidification dampens intracellular auxin signaling needed for root growth.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Outcome
- intracellular auxin signaling levelse0
- Direction
- dampeninge0
- Qualifier
- Acidification of Arabidopsis rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Acidification of Arabidopsis roots leads to the protonation of indole-3-acetic acid and dampening of the intracellular auxin signaling levels that are required for maintaining root growth.”
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