Abstract
The inclination toward natural products have led the onset for the discovery of new bioactive metabolites that could be targeted for specific therapeutic or agronomic applications. This study aimed to isolate bioactive compounds from Cleome arabica L., and subsequently determine the unexplored mechanism of action of the newly identified compounds on Lactuca sativa L. Chemical investigation of the ethyl acetate fraction of methanolic silique extract of C. arabica afforded seven secondary metabolites belonging to different classes such as flavonoids, triterpene, and a new thiohydroximate derivative, named cleomside A. Among phytotoxic assays, the growth of lettuce was totally inhibited by cleomside A compared to the other identified compounds. This effect was associated with the increased levels of electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide indicating disruption of membrane integrity and induction of oxidative stress. Activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and APX were also elevated, thereby demonstrating the enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species upon identified allelochemical exposure. Thus, the changes caused by cleomside A described herein can contribute to better understanding the allelochemical actions of thiohydroximate and the potential use of these substances in the production of natural herbicides compared to the other identified flavonoids and triterpene.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Chemical investigation of Cleome arabica silique extract found seven secondary metabolites including cleomside A.
- Taxon
- Cleome arabica L.
Cleome arabicae1 - Organ / stage
- siliquee0
- Outcome
- seven secondary metabolitese0
- Value
- sevene0
- Qualifier
- flavonoids, triterpene, and a new thiohydroximate derivative, named cleomside Ae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chemical investigation of the ethyl acetate fraction of methanolic silique extract of C. arabica afforded seven secondary metabolites belonging to different classes such as flavonoids, triterpene, and a new thiohydroximate derivative, named cleomside A.”
e1“Cleome arabica L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cleomside A completely inhibited lettuce growth compared with the other identified compounds.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Treatment
- cleomside Ae0
- Outcome
- growth of lettucee0
- Direction
- totally inhibitede0
- Comparator
- other identified compoundse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the growth of lettuce was totally inhibited by cleomside A compared to the other identified compounds.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cleomside A exposure increased electrolyte leakage in lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- cleomside Ae1
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This effect was associated with the increased levels of electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide”
e1“the growth of lettuce was totally inhibited by cleomside A”
Claim · model-written summary
Cleomside A exposure increased malondialdehyde in lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- cleomside Ae1
- Outcome
- malondialdehydee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This effect was associated with the increased levels of electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide”
e1“the growth of lettuce was totally inhibited by cleomside A”
Claim · model-written summary
Cleomside A exposure increased hydrogen peroxide in lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- cleomside Ae1
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxidee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This effect was associated with the increased levels of electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide”
e1“the growth of lettuce was totally inhibited by cleomside A”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant enzyme activities of SOD, CAT, and APX were elevated after allelochemical exposure.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae2
- Treatment
- identified allelochemical exposuree1
- Gene
- SOD, CAT, and APXe0
- Outcome
- Activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and APXe0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and APX were also elevated”
e1“upon identified allelochemical exposure”
e2“the growth of lettuce was totally inhibited by cleomside A”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret the enzyme response as enhanced reactive oxygen species generation.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- identified allelochemical exposuree0
- Outcome
- enhanced generation of reactive oxygen speciese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thereby demonstrating the enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species upon identified allelochemical exposure”
e1“the growth of lettuce was totally inhibited by cleomside A”
The same questions in other papers
allelopathy · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.