Abstract
Zinc (Zn) availability is limited in salt-affected soils due to high soil pH and calcium concentrations causing Zn fixation. The application of synthetic Zn fertilizer is usually discouraged due to the high cost and low Zn use efficiency. However, salt-tolerant Zn-solubilizing bacteria (ZSB) are capable of solubilizing fixed fractions of Zn and improving fertilizer use efficiency. In the current study, a product was formulated by coating urea with bioaugmented zinc oxide (ZnO) to improve wheat productivity under a saline environment. The promising ZSB strain Bacillus sp. AZ6 was used for bioaugmentation on ZnO powder and termed as Bacillus sp. AZ6-augmented ZnO (BAZ). The experiment was conducted in pots by applying urea granules after coating with BAZ, to evaluate its effects on wheat physiology, antioxidant activity, and productivity under saline (100 mM NaCl) and non-saline (0 mM NaCl) conditions. The results revealed that the application of BAZ-coated urea alleviated salt stress through improving the seed germination, plant height, root length, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value, number of tillers and grains, spike length, spike weight, 1000-grain weight, antioxidant activity (APX, GPX, GST, GR, CAT, and SOD), and NPK contents in the straw and grains of the wheat plants. Moreover, it also enhanced the Zn contents in the shoots and grains of wheat by up to 29.1 and 16.5%, respectively, over absolute control, under saline conditions. The relationships and variation among all the studied morpho-physio and biochemical attributes of wheat were also studied by principal component (PC) and correlation analysis. Hence, the application of such potential products may enhance nutrient availability and Zn uptake in wheat under salt stress. Therefore, the current study suggests the application of BAZ-coated urea for enhancing wheat’s physiology, antioxidant system, nutrient efficiency, and productivity effectively and economically.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
BAZ-coated urea improved wheat seed germination, plant height and root length under salinity.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- BAZ-coated ureae0
- Outcome
- seed germination, plant height, root lengthe0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Qualifier
- saline (100 mM NaCl)e1
- Comparator
- non-saline (0 mM NaCl) conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“application of BAZ-coated urea alleviated salt stress through improving the seed germination, plant height, root length, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value, number of tillers and grains, spike length, spike weight, 1000-grain weight, antioxidant activity (APX, GPX, GST, GR, CAT, and SOD), and NPK contents in the straw and grains of the wheat plants.”
e1“under saline (100 mM NaCl) and non-saline (0 mM NaCl) conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
BAZ-coated urea improved wheat photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance under salinity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- BAZ-coated ureae0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“application of BAZ-coated urea alleviated salt stress through improving the seed germination, plant height, root length, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value, number of tillers and grains, spike length, spike weight, 1000-grain weight, antioxidant activity (APX, GPX, GST, GR, CAT, and SOD), and NPK contents in the straw and grains of the wheat plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
BAZ-coated urea improved wheat SPAD value under salinity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- BAZ-coated ureae0
- Outcome
- soil plant analysis development (SPAD) valuee0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“application of BAZ-coated urea alleviated salt stress through improving the seed germination, plant height, root length, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value, number of tillers and grains, spike length, spike weight, 1000-grain weight, antioxidant activity (APX, GPX, GST, GR, CAT, and SOD), and NPK contents in the straw and grains of the wheat plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
BAZ-coated urea improved wheat tiller and grain numbers.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- BAZ-coated ureae0
- Outcome
- number of tillers and grainse0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“application of BAZ-coated urea alleviated salt stress through improving the seed germination, plant height, root length, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value, number of tillers and grains, spike length, spike weight, 1000-grain weight, antioxidant activity (APX, GPX, GST, GR, CAT, and SOD), and NPK contents in the straw and grains of the wheat plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
BAZ-coated urea improved spike length, spike weight and 1000-grain weight.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- BAZ-coated ureae0
- Outcome
- spike length, spike weight, 1000-grain weighte0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“application of BAZ-coated urea alleviated salt stress through improving the seed germination, plant height, root length, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value, number of tillers and grains, spike length, spike weight, 1000-grain weight, antioxidant activity (APX, GPX, GST, GR, CAT, and SOD), and NPK contents in the straw and grains of the wheat plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
BAZ-coated urea improved wheat antioxidant activity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- BAZ-coated ureae0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activity (APX, GPX, GST, GR, CAT, and SOD)e0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“application of BAZ-coated urea alleviated salt stress through improving the seed germination, plant height, root length, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value, number of tillers and grains, spike length, spike weight, 1000-grain weight, antioxidant activity (APX, GPX, GST, GR, CAT, and SOD), and NPK contents in the straw and grains of the wheat plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
BAZ-coated urea improved NPK content in wheat straw and grains.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- BAZ-coated ureae0
- Outcome
- NPK contents in the straw and grainse0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“application of BAZ-coated urea alleviated salt stress through improving the seed germination, plant height, root length, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value, number of tillers and grains, spike length, spike weight, 1000-grain weight, antioxidant activity (APX, GPX, GST, GR, CAT, and SOD), and NPK contents in the straw and grains of the wheat plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
BAZ-coated urea increased shoot zinc content by up to 29.1% under saline conditions versus absolute control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- BAZ-coated ureae1
- Outcome
- Zn contents in the shootse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 29.1 and 16.5%e0
- Qualifier
- under saline conditionse0
- Comparator
- absolute controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
t1“Coating of Urea with Bacillus-Augmented Zinc Oxide”
e0“it also enhanced the Zn contents in the shoots and grains of wheat by up to 29.1 and 16.5%, respectively, over absolute control, under saline conditions.”
e1“application of BAZ-coated urea alleviated salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
BAZ-coated urea increased grain zinc content by up to 16.5% under saline conditions versus absolute control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- BAZ-coated ureae1
- Outcome
- Zn contents in the shoots and grainse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 16.5%e0
- Qualifier
- under saline conditionse0
- Comparator
- absolute controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“it also enhanced the Zn contents in the shoots and grains of wheat by up to 29.1 and 16.5%, respectively, over absolute control, under saline conditions.”
e1“application of BAZ-coated urea alleviated salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend BAZ-coated urea to enhance wheat physiology, antioxidant system, nutrient efficiency and productivity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- application of BAZ-coated urea for enhancing wheat’s physiology, antioxidant system, nutrient efficiency, and productivitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“the current study suggests the application of BAZ-coated urea for enhancing wheat’s physiology, antioxidant system, nutrient efficiency, and productivity effectively and economically.”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
15 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- no effect
15 papers more in this group
See all 19 papers →nitrogen · physiology: photosynthesis · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
97 papers in the same direction as this paper · 22 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
116 papers more in this group
See all 120 papers →nitrogen · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
409 papers in the same direction as this paper · 64 in the opposite direction · 5 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- negative
475 papers more in this group
See all 479 papers →nitrogen · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
425 papers in the same direction as this paper · 116 in the opposite direction · 9 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- negative
547 papers more in this group
See all 551 papers →nitrogen · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1,736 papers in the same direction as this paper · 285 in the opposite direction · 39 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- negative
2,057 papers more in this group
See all 2,061 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.