Abstract
Drought stress hampers the growth and productivity of wheat crop worldwide. Thus far, different strategies have been proposed to improve drought tolerance in wheat but the combined application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria formulated bio-fertilizer (BF) and salicylic acid (SA) has not been thoroughly explored yet. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted to observe the effect of SA, BF, and their combination on wheat plants under optimal and drought stress conditions. Seeds priming was done with BF (10 7 CFU mL −1 ). After 2 weeks of germination, SA (one mM) was applied as a foliar spray. Drought stress was applied by withholding water supply at three-leaf stage (30 d old plants) for the next 15 d until soil moisture dropped to 10%. Foliar application of SA increased the bacterial population of BF significantly compared to the sole application of BF under irrigated as well as drought stress conditions. Co-application of BF and foliar spray of SA induced drought tolerance in wheat plants by enhancing plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, relative water content and osmolytes, and activities of the defense-related system. Plants treated with SA and BF together under drought stress had significantly increased leaf water status, Chl a, Chl b, and carotenoids synthesis by 238%, 125%, 167%, and 122%, respectively. Moreover, the co-application of SA and BF showed maximum SOD, POD, APX, and CAT activities by 165%, 85%, 156%, and 169% in the leaves while 153%, 86%, 116% and 200% in roots under drought stress. Similarly, the combined treatment exhibited a pronounced decrease in MDA content by 54% while increased production of proteins and proline by 145% and 149%, respectively. Our results showed that the co-application of SA and BF induced better drought tolerance as compared with the sole application of SA or BF. The results obtained herein suggest that combined application of BF and SA can be applied to the wheat crop to greatly improve drought tolerance in field conditions.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid increased biofertilizer bacterial population under irrigated and drought conditions.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- Foliar application of SAe0
- Outcome
- bacterial population of BFe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- sole application of BFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of SA increased the bacterial population of BF significantly compared to the sole application of BF under irrigated as well as drought stress conditions”
e1“on wheat plants under optimal and drought stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined BF and SA improved wheat biomass, pigments, water content, osmolytes and defense activity under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Co-application of BF and foliar spray of SAe0
- Outcome
- plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, relative water content and osmolytes, and activities of the defense-related systeme0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-application of BF and foliar spray of SA induced drought tolerance in wheat plants by enhancing plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, relative water content and osmolytes, and activities of the defense-related system”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased leaf water status by 238% under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SA and BF togethere0
- Outcome
- leaf water statuse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 238%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants treated with SA and BF together under drought stress had significantly increased leaf water status, Chl a, Chl b, and carotenoids synthesis by 238%, 125%, 167%, and 122%, respectively”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased Chl a by 125% under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SA and BF togethere0
- Outcome
- Chl ae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 125%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants treated with SA and BF together under drought stress had significantly increased leaf water status, Chl a, Chl b, and carotenoids synthesis by 238%, 125%, 167%, and 122%, respectively”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased Chl b by 167% under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SA and BF togethere0
- Outcome
- Chl be0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 167%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants treated with SA and BF together under drought stress had significantly increased leaf water status, Chl a, Chl b, and carotenoids synthesis by 238%, 125%, 167%, and 122%, respectively”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased carotenoid synthesis by 122% under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SA and BF togethere0
- Outcome
- carotenoids synthesise0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 122%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants treated with SA and BF together under drought stress had significantly increased leaf water status, Chl a, Chl b, and carotenoids synthesis by 238%, 125%, 167%, and 122%, respectively”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased leaf SOD activity by 165% under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- co-application of SA and BFe0
- Outcome
- SODe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 165%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the co-application of SA and BF showed maximum SOD, POD, APX, and CAT activities by 165%, 85%, 156%, and 169% in the leaves”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased leaf POD activity by 85% under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- co-application of SA and BFe0
- Outcome
- PODe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 85%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the co-application of SA and BF showed maximum SOD, POD, APX, and CAT activities by 165%, 85%, 156%, and 169% in the leaves”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased leaf APX activity by 156% under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- co-application of SA and BFe0
- Outcome
- APXe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 156%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the co-application of SA and BF showed maximum SOD, POD, APX, and CAT activities by 165%, 85%, 156%, and 169% in the leaves”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased leaf CAT activity by 169% under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- co-application of SA and BFe0
- Outcome
- CATe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 169%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the co-application of SA and BF showed maximum SOD, POD, APX, and CAT activities by 165%, 85%, 156%, and 169% in the leaves”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased root SOD activity by 153% under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- co-application of SA and BFe1
- Outcome
- SODe1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 153%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while 153%, 86%, 116% and 200% in roots under drought stress”
e1“the co-application of SA and BF showed maximum SOD, POD, APX, and CAT activities”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased root POD activity by 86% under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- co-application of SA and BFe1
- Outcome
- PODe1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 86%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while 153%, 86%, 116% and 200% in roots under drought stress”
e1“the co-application of SA and BF showed maximum SOD, POD, APX, and CAT activities”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased root APX activity by 116% under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- co-application of SA and BFe1
- Outcome
- APXe1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 116%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while 153%, 86%, 116% and 200% in roots under drought stress”
e1“the co-application of SA and BF showed maximum SOD, POD, APX, and CAT activities”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased root CAT activity by 200% under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- co-application of SA and BFe1
- Outcome
- CATe1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 200%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while 153%, 86%, 116% and 200% in roots under drought stress”
e1“the co-application of SA and BF showed maximum SOD, POD, APX, and CAT activities”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment decreased MDA content by 54%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined treatmente0
- Outcome
- MDA contente0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 54%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined treatment exhibited a pronounced decrease in MDA content by 54%”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased protein production by 145%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined treatmente1
- Outcome
- production of proteinse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 145%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased production of proteins and proline by 145% and 149%, respectively”
e1“the combined treatment exhibited”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased proline production by 149%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined treatmente1
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 149%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased production of proteins and proline by 145% and 149%, respectively”
e1“the combined treatment exhibited”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment provided better drought tolerance than SA or BF alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- co-application of SA and BFe0
- Outcome
- drought tolerancee0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- sole application of SA or BFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the co-application of SA and BF induced better drought tolerance as compared with the sole application of SA or BF”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest combined BF and SA application to wheat in field conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- combined application of BF and SAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of BF and SA can be applied to the wheat crop to greatly improve drought tolerance in field conditions”
The same questions in other papers
salicylic acid · tolerance: abiotic · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →salicylic acid · physiology: photosynthesis · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
37 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
35 papers more in this group
See all 39 papers →salicylic acid · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
60 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- negative
60 papers more in this group
See all 64 papers →cobalt atom · physiology: photosynthesis · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
salicylic acid · physiology: pigments · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
28 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
26 papers more in this group
See all 30 papers →salicylic acid · soil: biology · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
7 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →salicylic acid · physiology: water · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
22 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
19 papers more in this group
See all 23 papers →inoculation · tolerance: abiotic · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
10 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →8 of 14 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.