Abstract
Transitioning from full to deficit irrigation (DI) has become a key strategy in arid regions to combat water scarcity and enhance irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). However, implementing DI requires additional approaches to counter its negative effects on wheat production. One effective approach is the foliar application of salicylic acid (SA), micronutrients (Mic; zinc and manganese), and macronutrients (Mac; nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium). However, there is a lack of knowledge on the optimal combinations and timing of foliar application for these components to maximize their benefits under arid conditions, which is the primary focus of this study. A two-year field study was conducted to assess the impact of the foliar application of SA alone and in combination with Mic (SA + Mic) or Mic and Mac (SA + Mic + Mac) at various critical growth stages on wheat growth, physiology, productivity, and IWUE under DI conditions. Our result demonstrated that the foliar application of different components, the timing of application, and their interaction had significant effects on all investigated wheat parameters with few exceptions. Applying different components through foliar application at multiple growth stages, such as tillering and heading or tillering, heading, and grain filling, led to significant enhancements in various wheat parameters. The improvements ranged from 7.7% to 23.2% for growth parameters, 8.7% to 24.0% for physiological traits, 1.4% to 21.0% for yield and yield components, and 14.8% to 19.0% for IWUE compared to applying the components only at the tillering stage. Plants treated with different components (SA, Mic, Mac) exhibited enhanced growth, production, and IWUE in wheat compared to untreated plants. The most effective treatment was SA + Mic, followed by SA alone and SA + Mic + Mac. The foliar application of SA, SA + Mic, and SA + Mic + Mac improved growth parameters by 1.2-50.8%, 2.7-54.6%, and 2.5-43.9%, respectively. Yield parameters were also enhanced by 1.3-33.0%, 2.4-37.2%, and 3.0-26.6% while IWUE increased by 28.6%, 33.0%, and 18.5% compared to untreated plants. A heatmap analysis revealed that the foliar application of SA + Mic at multiple growth stages resulted in the highest values for all parameters, followed by SA alone and SA + Mic + Mac applications at multiple growth stages. The lowest values were observed in untreated plants and with the foliar application of different components only at the tillering stage. Thus, this study suggested that the foliar application of SA + Mic at various growth stages can help sustain wheat production in arid regions with limited water resources.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar components, timing, and their interaction significantly affected most investigated wheat parameters.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- foliar application of different componentse0
- Outcome
- wheat parameterse0
- Qualifier
- with few exceptionse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the foliar application of different components, the timing of application, and their interaction had significant effects on all investigated wheat parameters with few exceptions”
t0“Wheat”
t1“Applying different components through foliar application at multiple growth stages, such as tillering and heading or tillering, heading, and grain filling, led to significant enhancements in various wheat parameters. The improvements ranged from 7.7% to 23.2% for growth parameters, 8.7% to 24.0% for physiological traits, 1.4% to 21.0% for yield and yield components, and 14.8% to 19.0% for IWUE compared to applying the components only at the tillering stage.”
e1“The foliar application of SA, SA + Mic, and SA + Mic + Mac improved growth parameters by 1.2-50.8%, 2.7-54.6%, and 2.5-43.9%, respectively.”
e2“IWUE increased by 28.6%, 33.0%, and 18.5% compared to untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Application at multiple growth stages improved wheat growth parameters by 7.7% to 23.2% relative to tillering only.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- multiple growth stagest1
- Outcome
- growth parameterse0
- Direction
- improvementse0
- Value
- 7.7% to 23.2%e0
- Comparator
- only at the tillering staget1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The improvements ranged from 7.7% to 23.2% for growth parameters”
t0“Wheat”
t1“Applying different components through foliar application at multiple growth stages, such as tillering and heading or tillering, heading, and grain filling, led to significant enhancements in various wheat parameters. The improvements ranged from 7.7% to 23.2% for growth parameters, 8.7% to 24.0% for physiological traits, 1.4% to 21.0% for yield and yield components, and 14.8% to 19.0% for IWUE compared to applying the components only at the tillering stage.”
e1“The foliar application of SA, SA + Mic, and SA + Mic + Mac improved growth parameters by 1.2-50.8%, 2.7-54.6%, and 2.5-43.9%, respectively.”
e2“IWUE increased by 28.6%, 33.0%, and 18.5% compared to untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Multiple stage application improved physiological traits by 8.7% to 24.0%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- multiple growth stagest1
- Outcome
- physiological traitse0
- Direction
- enhancementst1
- Value
- 8.7% to 24.0%e0
- Comparator
- only at the tillering staget1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“8.7% to 24.0% for physiological traits”
t0“Wheat”
t1“Applying different components through foliar application at multiple growth stages, such as tillering and heading or tillering, heading, and grain filling, led to significant enhancements in various wheat parameters. The improvements ranged from 7.7% to 23.2% for growth parameters, 8.7% to 24.0% for physiological traits, 1.4% to 21.0% for yield and yield components, and 14.8% to 19.0% for IWUE compared to applying the components only at the tillering stage.”
e1“The foliar application of SA, SA + Mic, and SA + Mic + Mac improved growth parameters by 1.2-50.8%, 2.7-54.6%, and 2.5-43.9%, respectively.”
e2“IWUE increased by 28.6%, 33.0%, and 18.5% compared to untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Multiple stage application improved yield and yield components by 1.4% to 21.0%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- multiple growth stagest1
- Outcome
- yield and yield componentse0
- Direction
- enhancementst1
- Value
- 1.4% to 21.0%e0
- Comparator
- only at the tillering staget1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1.4% to 21.0% for yield and yield components”
t0“Wheat”
t1“Applying different components through foliar application at multiple growth stages, such as tillering and heading or tillering, heading, and grain filling, led to significant enhancements in various wheat parameters. The improvements ranged from 7.7% to 23.2% for growth parameters, 8.7% to 24.0% for physiological traits, 1.4% to 21.0% for yield and yield components, and 14.8% to 19.0% for IWUE compared to applying the components only at the tillering stage.”
e1“The foliar application of SA, SA + Mic, and SA + Mic + Mac improved growth parameters by 1.2-50.8%, 2.7-54.6%, and 2.5-43.9%, respectively.”
e2“IWUE increased by 28.6%, 33.0%, and 18.5% compared to untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Multiple stage application improved IWUE by 14.8% to 19.0%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- multiple growth stagest1
- Outcome
- IWUEe0
- Direction
- enhancementst1
- Value
- 14.8% to 19.0%e0
- Comparator
- applying the components only at the tillering stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“14.8% to 19.0% for IWUE compared to applying the components only at the tillering stage”
t0“Wheat”
t1“Applying different components through foliar application at multiple growth stages, such as tillering and heading or tillering, heading, and grain filling, led to significant enhancements in various wheat parameters. The improvements ranged from 7.7% to 23.2% for growth parameters, 8.7% to 24.0% for physiological traits, 1.4% to 21.0% for yield and yield components, and 14.8% to 19.0% for IWUE compared to applying the components only at the tillering stage.”
e1“The foliar application of SA, SA + Mic, and SA + Mic + Mac improved growth parameters by 1.2-50.8%, 2.7-54.6%, and 2.5-43.9%, respectively.”
e2“IWUE increased by 28.6%, 33.0%, and 18.5% compared to untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
SA improved growth parameters by 1.2-50.8% relative to untreated plants.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Outcome
- growth parameterse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 1.2-50.8%e0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The foliar application of SA, SA + Mic, and SA + Mic + Mac improved growth parameters by 1.2-50.8%, 2.7-54.6%, and 2.5-43.9%, respectively.”
t0“Wheat”
t1“Applying different components through foliar application at multiple growth stages, such as tillering and heading or tillering, heading, and grain filling, led to significant enhancements in various wheat parameters. The improvements ranged from 7.7% to 23.2% for growth parameters, 8.7% to 24.0% for physiological traits, 1.4% to 21.0% for yield and yield components, and 14.8% to 19.0% for IWUE compared to applying the components only at the tillering stage.”
e1“The foliar application of SA, SA + Mic, and SA + Mic + Mac improved growth parameters by 1.2-50.8%, 2.7-54.6%, and 2.5-43.9%, respectively.”
e2“IWUE increased by 28.6%, 33.0%, and 18.5% compared to untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
SA plus Mic improved growth parameters by 2.7-54.6%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SA + Mice0
- Outcome
- growth parameterse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 2.7-54.6%e0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The foliar application of SA, SA + Mic, and SA + Mic + Mac improved growth parameters by 1.2-50.8%, 2.7-54.6%, and 2.5-43.9%, respectively.”
t0“Wheat”
t1“Applying different components through foliar application at multiple growth stages, such as tillering and heading or tillering, heading, and grain filling, led to significant enhancements in various wheat parameters. The improvements ranged from 7.7% to 23.2% for growth parameters, 8.7% to 24.0% for physiological traits, 1.4% to 21.0% for yield and yield components, and 14.8% to 19.0% for IWUE compared to applying the components only at the tillering stage.”
e1“The foliar application of SA, SA + Mic, and SA + Mic + Mac improved growth parameters by 1.2-50.8%, 2.7-54.6%, and 2.5-43.9%, respectively.”
e2“IWUE increased by 28.6%, 33.0%, and 18.5% compared to untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
SA plus Mic plus Mac improved growth parameters by 2.5-43.9%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SA + Mic + Mace0
- Outcome
- growth parameterse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 2.5-43.9%e0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The foliar application of SA, SA + Mic, and SA + Mic + Mac improved growth parameters by 1.2-50.8%, 2.7-54.6%, and 2.5-43.9%, respectively.”
t0“Wheat”
t1“Applying different components through foliar application at multiple growth stages, such as tillering and heading or tillering, heading, and grain filling, led to significant enhancements in various wheat parameters. The improvements ranged from 7.7% to 23.2% for growth parameters, 8.7% to 24.0% for physiological traits, 1.4% to 21.0% for yield and yield components, and 14.8% to 19.0% for IWUE compared to applying the components only at the tillering stage.”
e1“The foliar application of SA, SA + Mic, and SA + Mic + Mac improved growth parameters by 1.2-50.8%, 2.7-54.6%, and 2.5-43.9%, respectively.”
e2“IWUE increased by 28.6%, 33.0%, and 18.5% compared to untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
SA enhanced yield parameters by 1.3-33.0%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SAe1
- Outcome
- Yield parameterse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 1.3-33.0%e0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield parameters were also enhanced by 1.3-33.0%, 2.4-37.2%, and 3.0-26.6%”
t0“Wheat”
t1“Applying different components through foliar application at multiple growth stages, such as tillering and heading or tillering, heading, and grain filling, led to significant enhancements in various wheat parameters. The improvements ranged from 7.7% to 23.2% for growth parameters, 8.7% to 24.0% for physiological traits, 1.4% to 21.0% for yield and yield components, and 14.8% to 19.0% for IWUE compared to applying the components only at the tillering stage.”
e1“The foliar application of SA, SA + Mic, and SA + Mic + Mac improved growth parameters by 1.2-50.8%, 2.7-54.6%, and 2.5-43.9%, respectively.”
e2“IWUE increased by 28.6%, 33.0%, and 18.5% compared to untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
SA plus Mic enhanced yield parameters by 2.4-37.2%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SA + Mice1
- Outcome
- Yield parameterse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 2.4-37.2%e0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield parameters were also enhanced by 1.3-33.0%, 2.4-37.2%, and 3.0-26.6%”
t0“Wheat”
t1“Applying different components through foliar application at multiple growth stages, such as tillering and heading or tillering, heading, and grain filling, led to significant enhancements in various wheat parameters. The improvements ranged from 7.7% to 23.2% for growth parameters, 8.7% to 24.0% for physiological traits, 1.4% to 21.0% for yield and yield components, and 14.8% to 19.0% for IWUE compared to applying the components only at the tillering stage.”
e1“The foliar application of SA, SA + Mic, and SA + Mic + Mac improved growth parameters by 1.2-50.8%, 2.7-54.6%, and 2.5-43.9%, respectively.”
e2“IWUE increased by 28.6%, 33.0%, and 18.5% compared to untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
SA plus Mic plus Mac enhanced yield parameters by 3.0-26.6%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SA + Mic + Mace1
- Outcome
- Yield parameterse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 3.0-26.6%e0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield parameters were also enhanced by 1.3-33.0%, 2.4-37.2%, and 3.0-26.6%”
t0“Wheat”
t1“Applying different components through foliar application at multiple growth stages, such as tillering and heading or tillering, heading, and grain filling, led to significant enhancements in various wheat parameters. The improvements ranged from 7.7% to 23.2% for growth parameters, 8.7% to 24.0% for physiological traits, 1.4% to 21.0% for yield and yield components, and 14.8% to 19.0% for IWUE compared to applying the components only at the tillering stage.”
e1“The foliar application of SA, SA + Mic, and SA + Mic + Mac improved growth parameters by 1.2-50.8%, 2.7-54.6%, and 2.5-43.9%, respectively.”
e2“IWUE increased by 28.6%, 33.0%, and 18.5% compared to untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
SA raised IWUE by 28.6%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SAe1
- Outcome
- IWUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28.6%e0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IWUE increased by 28.6%, 33.0%, and 18.5% compared to untreated plants”
t0“Wheat”
t1“Applying different components through foliar application at multiple growth stages, such as tillering and heading or tillering, heading, and grain filling, led to significant enhancements in various wheat parameters. The improvements ranged from 7.7% to 23.2% for growth parameters, 8.7% to 24.0% for physiological traits, 1.4% to 21.0% for yield and yield components, and 14.8% to 19.0% for IWUE compared to applying the components only at the tillering stage.”
e1“The foliar application of SA, SA + Mic, and SA + Mic + Mac improved growth parameters by 1.2-50.8%, 2.7-54.6%, and 2.5-43.9%, respectively.”
e2“IWUE increased by 28.6%, 33.0%, and 18.5% compared to untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
SA plus Mic raised IWUE by 33.0%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SA + Mice1
- Outcome
- IWUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 33.0%e0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IWUE increased by 28.6%, 33.0%, and 18.5% compared to untreated plants”
t0“Wheat”
t1“Applying different components through foliar application at multiple growth stages, such as tillering and heading or tillering, heading, and grain filling, led to significant enhancements in various wheat parameters. The improvements ranged from 7.7% to 23.2% for growth parameters, 8.7% to 24.0% for physiological traits, 1.4% to 21.0% for yield and yield components, and 14.8% to 19.0% for IWUE compared to applying the components only at the tillering stage.”
e1“The foliar application of SA, SA + Mic, and SA + Mic + Mac improved growth parameters by 1.2-50.8%, 2.7-54.6%, and 2.5-43.9%, respectively.”
e2“IWUE increased by 28.6%, 33.0%, and 18.5% compared to untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
SA plus Mic plus Mac raised IWUE by 18.5%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SA + Mic + Mace1
- Outcome
- IWUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 18.5%e0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IWUE increased by 28.6%, 33.0%, and 18.5% compared to untreated plants”
t0“Wheat”
t1“Applying different components through foliar application at multiple growth stages, such as tillering and heading or tillering, heading, and grain filling, led to significant enhancements in various wheat parameters. The improvements ranged from 7.7% to 23.2% for growth parameters, 8.7% to 24.0% for physiological traits, 1.4% to 21.0% for yield and yield components, and 14.8% to 19.0% for IWUE compared to applying the components only at the tillering stage.”
e1“The foliar application of SA, SA + Mic, and SA + Mic + Mac improved growth parameters by 1.2-50.8%, 2.7-54.6%, and 2.5-43.9%, respectively.”
e2“IWUE increased by 28.6%, 33.0%, and 18.5% compared to untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
SA plus Mic at multiple stages gave the highest parameter values in heatmap analysis.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SA + Mic at multiple growth stagese0
- Outcome
- highest values for all parameterse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the foliar application of SA + Mic at multiple growth stages resulted in the highest values for all parameters”
t0“Wheat”
t1“Applying different components through foliar application at multiple growth stages, such as tillering and heading or tillering, heading, and grain filling, led to significant enhancements in various wheat parameters. The improvements ranged from 7.7% to 23.2% for growth parameters, 8.7% to 24.0% for physiological traits, 1.4% to 21.0% for yield and yield components, and 14.8% to 19.0% for IWUE compared to applying the components only at the tillering stage.”
e1“The foliar application of SA, SA + Mic, and SA + Mic + Mac improved growth parameters by 1.2-50.8%, 2.7-54.6%, and 2.5-43.9%, respectively.”
e2“IWUE increased by 28.6%, 33.0%, and 18.5% compared to untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend SA plus Mic at various stages to sustain wheat production in arid regions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- foliar application of SA + Mic at various growth stagese0
- Outcome
- sustain wheat productione0
- Setting
- arid regionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the foliar application of SA + Mic at various growth stages can help sustain wheat production in arid regions with limited water resources”
The same questions in other papers
salicylic acid · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
94 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
100 papers more in this group
See all 104 papers →salicylic acid · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
80 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
81 papers more in this group
See all 85 papers →salicylic acid · physiology: water · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
22 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
19 papers more in this group
See all 23 papers →stage · physiology: water · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →stage · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
23 papers in the same direction as this paper · 13 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
33 papers more in this group
See all 37 papers →stage · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
94 papers in the same direction as this paper · 63 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
156 papers more in this group
See all 160 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.