Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the role of salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in osmotic stress tolerance of wheat seedlings. This was accomplished by determining the impact of the acids applied exogenously on seedlings grown under osmotic stress in hydroponics. The investigation was unique in its comprehensiveness, examining changes under osmotic stress and other conditions, and testing a number of parameters simultaneously. In both drought susceptible (SQ1) and drought resistant (CS) wheat cultivars, significant physiological and biochemical changes were observed upon the addition of SA (0.05 mM) or ABA (0.1 μM) to solutions containing half-strength Hoagland medium and PEG 6000 (-0.75 MPa). The most noticeable result of supplementing SA or ABA to the medium (PEG + SA and PEG + ABA) was a decrease in the length of leaves and roots in both cultivars. While PEG treatment reduced gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll content in CS, and osmotic potential, and conversely, increased lipid peroxidation, soluble carbohydrates in SQ1, proline content in both cultivars and total antioxidants activity in SQ1, PEG + SA or PEG + ABA did not change the values of these parameters. Furthermore, PEG caused a two-fold increase of endogenous ABA content in SQ1 and a four-fold increase in CS. PEG + ABA increased endogenous ABA only in SQ1, whereas PEG + SA caused a greater increase of ABA content in both cultivars compared to PEG. In PEG-treated plants growing until the harvest, a greater decrease of yield components was observed in SQ1 than in CS. PEG + SA, and particularly PEG + ABA, caused a greater increase of these yield parameters in CS compared to SQ1. In conclusion, SA and ABA ameliorate, particularly in the tolerant wheat cultivar, the harmful effects and after effects of osmotic stress induced by PEG in hydroponics through better osmotic adjustment achieved by an increase in proline and carbohydrate content as well as by an increase in antioxidant activity.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
SA or ABA supplementation decreased leaf length in both wheat cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- PEG + SA and PEG + ABAe0
- Outcome
- length of leavese0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most noticeable result of supplementing SA or ABA to the medium (PEG + SA and PEG + ABA) was a decrease in the length of leaves and roots in both cultivars”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
e1“The most noticeable result of supplementing SA or ABA to the medium (PEG + SA and PEG + ABA) was a decrease in the length of leaves and roots in both cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
SA or ABA supplementation decreased root length in both wheat cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PEG + SA and PEG + ABAe0
- Outcome
- rootse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most noticeable result of supplementing SA or ABA to the medium (PEG + SA and PEG + ABA) was a decrease in the length of leaves and roots in both cultivars”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
e1“The most noticeable result of supplementing SA or ABA to the medium (PEG + SA and PEG + ABA) was a decrease in the length of leaves and roots in both cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG reduced gas exchange parameters, osmotic potential, and chlorophyll in CS.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PEG treatmente0
- Outcome
- gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll content in CS, and osmotic potentiale0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PEG treatment reduced gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll content in CS, and osmotic potential”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
e1“The most noticeable result of supplementing SA or ABA to the medium (PEG + SA and PEG + ABA) was a decrease in the length of leaves and roots in both cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG increased lipid peroxidation, soluble carbohydrates in SQ1, proline in both cultivars, and antioxidant activity in SQ1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PEGe1
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidation, soluble carbohydrates in SQ1, proline content in both cultivars and total antioxidants activity in SQ1e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased lipid peroxidation, soluble carbohydrates in SQ1, proline content in both cultivars and total antioxidants activity in SQ1”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
e1“The most noticeable result of supplementing SA or ABA to the medium (PEG + SA and PEG + ABA) was a decrease in the length of leaves and roots in both cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding SA or ABA to PEG did not change those physiological parameters.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PEG + SA or PEG + ABAe0
- Outcome
- these parameterse0
- Direction
- did not changee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PEG + SA or PEG + ABA did not change the values of these parameters”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
e1“The most noticeable result of supplementing SA or ABA to the medium (PEG + SA and PEG + ABA) was a decrease in the length of leaves and roots in both cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG doubled endogenous ABA in SQ1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- SQ1e0
- Treatment
- PEGe0
- Outcome
- endogenous ABA contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- two-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PEG caused a two-fold increase of endogenous ABA content in SQ1”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
e1“The most noticeable result of supplementing SA or ABA to the medium (PEG + SA and PEG + ABA) was a decrease in the length of leaves and roots in both cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG increased endogenous ABA fourfold in CS.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- CSe0
- Treatment
- PEGe1
- Outcome
- ABAe1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- four-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a four-fold increase in CS”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
e1“The most noticeable result of supplementing SA or ABA to the medium (PEG + SA and PEG + ABA) was a decrease in the length of leaves and roots in both cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG plus ABA increased endogenous ABA only in SQ1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- SQ1e0
- Treatment
- PEG + ABAe0
- Outcome
- endogenous ABAe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PEG + ABA increased endogenous ABA only in SQ1”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
e1“The most noticeable result of supplementing SA or ABA to the medium (PEG + SA and PEG + ABA) was a decrease in the length of leaves and roots in both cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG plus SA increased endogenous ABA more than PEG in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PEG + SAe0
- Outcome
- ABA contente0
- Direction
- greater increasee0
- Comparator
- PEGe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PEG + SA caused a greater increase of ABA content in both cultivars compared to PEG”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
e1“The most noticeable result of supplementing SA or ABA to the medium (PEG + SA and PEG + ABA) was a decrease in the length of leaves and roots in both cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG depressed yield components more in SQ1 than CS.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- SQ1e0
- Treatment
- PEGe1
- Outcome
- yield componentse0
- Direction
- greater decreasee0
- Comparator
- CSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a greater decrease of yield components was observed in SQ1 than in CS”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
e1“The most noticeable result of supplementing SA or ABA to the medium (PEG + SA and PEG + ABA) was a decrease in the length of leaves and roots in both cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG plus SA increased yield parameters more in CS than SQ1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- CSe0
- Treatment
- PEG + SAe0
- Outcome
- yield parameterse0
- Direction
- greater increasee0
- Comparator
- SQ1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PEG + SA, and particularly PEG + ABA, caused a greater increase of these yield parameters in CS compared to SQ1”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
e1“The most noticeable result of supplementing SA or ABA to the medium (PEG + SA and PEG + ABA) was a decrease in the length of leaves and roots in both cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG plus ABA increased yield parameters more in CS than SQ1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- CSe0
- Treatment
- PEG + ABAe0
- Outcome
- yield parameterse0
- Direction
- greater increasee0
- Comparator
- SQ1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PEG + SA, and particularly PEG + ABA, caused a greater increase of these yield parameters in CS compared to SQ1”
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
e1“The most noticeable result of supplementing SA or ABA to the medium (PEG + SA and PEG + ABA) was a decrease in the length of leaves and roots in both cultivars”
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