Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is highly toxic for plant metabolic processes even in low concentration due to higher retention rates, longer half-life and non-biodegradable nature. The current study was designed to assess the bioremediation potential of Cd tolerant PGPR, Serratia sp. CP-13 together with two differentially Cd tolerant maize cultivars (MMRI-Yellow, Sahiwal-2002) selected amongst ten cultivars after screening. The maize cultivars were grown under different Cd treatments (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 µM) in Petri plates both with and without Serratia sp. CP-13 inoculation. Treated plants were analyzed for their biomass accumulation, chlorophylls, carotenoids, proline, anthocyanin, protein, malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2 as well as for antioxidants (POD, SOD, CAT) and mineral elements (Ca, Mg, Zn, K, Fe, Na, Cd). The maize cultivar MMRI-Yellow (tolerant) and Sahiwal-2002 (sensitive) exhibited significant reduction in leaf area, nutrient contents, plant biomass, activity of antioxidants, total proteins, photosynthetic pigments as well as flavonoids with increased production of H2O2, proline, MDA and relative membrane permeability (RMP) under Cd stress. However, this reduction was cultivar specific and recorded higher in cv. Sahiwal-2002 as compared to MMRI-Yellow. Application of Serratia sp. CP-13 significantly augmented plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidative machinery, as well as flavonoids and proline while diminishing H2O2, RMP MDA production even under Cd stress in studied cultivars. Furthermore, CP-13 inoculation assisted the Cd stressed plants to sustain an optimal level of essential nutrients (Ca, Mg, Zn, K, Fe) except for Na and Cd which responded antagonistically. It was inferred that both inoculated maize cultivars exhibited better health and metabolism but substantial Cd tolerance was acquired by the sensitive cv. Sahiwal-2002 than the tolerant cv. MMRI-Yellow under applied Cd regimes. Furthermore, studied maize cultivars depicted maximum Cd tolerance in order of 30 < 24 < 18 < 12 < 6 < 0 µM Cd treatments under Serratia sp. CP-13 inoculation. Findings of current work highlighted the importance of Serratia sp. CP-13 and its inoculation impact on morpho-physio-biochemical attributes of maize growth under Cd dominant environment, which is likely an addition towards efficient approaches for bacterially-assisted Cd bioremediation and minimal Cd retention in edible plant parts.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress reduction leaf area, nutrient contents, plant biomass in both maize cultivars.
- Material
- MMRI-Yellow (tolerant) and Sahiwal-2002 (sensitive)e0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf area, nutrient contents, plant biomasse0
- Direction
- reductione0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maize cultivar MMRI-Yellow (tolerant) and Sahiwal-2002 (sensitive) exhibited significant reduction in leaf area, nutrient contents, plant biomass, activity of antioxidants, total proteins, photosynthetic pigments as well as flavonoids with increased production of H2O2, proline, MDA and relative membrane permeability (RMP) under Cd stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress reduction activity of antioxidants, total proteins, photosynthetic pigments in both maize cultivars.
- Material
- MMRI-Yellow (tolerant) and Sahiwal-2002 (sensitive)e0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidants, total proteins, photosynthetic pigmentse0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maize cultivar MMRI-Yellow (tolerant) and Sahiwal-2002 (sensitive) exhibited significant reduction in leaf area, nutrient contents, plant biomass, activity of antioxidants, total proteins, photosynthetic pigments as well as flavonoids with increased production of H2O2, proline, MDA and relative membrane permeability (RMP) under Cd stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress reduction flavonoids in both maize cultivars.
- Material
- MMRI-Yellow (tolerant) and Sahiwal-2002 (sensitive)e0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- flavonoidse0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maize cultivar MMRI-Yellow (tolerant) and Sahiwal-2002 (sensitive) exhibited significant reduction in leaf area, nutrient contents, plant biomass, activity of antioxidants, total proteins, photosynthetic pigments as well as flavonoids with increased production of H2O2, proline, MDA and relative membrane permeability (RMP) under Cd stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress increased H2O2, proline, MDA in both maize cultivars.
- Material
- MMRI-Yellow (tolerant) and Sahiwal-2002 (sensitive)e0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- H2O2, proline, MDAe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maize cultivar MMRI-Yellow (tolerant) and Sahiwal-2002 (sensitive) exhibited significant reduction in leaf area, nutrient contents, plant biomass, activity of antioxidants, total proteins, photosynthetic pigments as well as flavonoids with increased production of H2O2, proline, MDA and relative membrane permeability (RMP) under Cd stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress increased relative membrane permeability (RMP) in both maize cultivars.
- Material
- MMRI-Yellow (tolerant) and Sahiwal-2002 (sensitive)e0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- relative membrane permeability (RMP)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maize cultivar MMRI-Yellow (tolerant) and Sahiwal-2002 (sensitive) exhibited significant reduction in leaf area, nutrient contents, plant biomass, activity of antioxidants, total proteins, photosynthetic pigments as well as flavonoids with increased production of H2O2, proline, MDA and relative membrane permeability (RMP) under Cd stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd-related reductions were greater in Sahiwal-2002 than MMRI-Yellow.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this reduction was cultivar specific and recorded higher in cv. Sahiwal-2002 as compared to MMRI-Yellow.”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Serratia sp. CP-13 augmented plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidative machinery under Cd stress.
- Treatment
- Application of Serratia sp. CP-13e0
- Interactor
- Serratia sp. CP-13e0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidative machinerye0
- Direction
- augmentede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of Serratia sp. CP-13 significantly augmented plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidative machinery, as well as flavonoids and proline while diminishing H2O2, RMP MDA production even under Cd stress in studied cultivars.”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Serratia sp. CP-13 augmented flavonoids and proline under Cd stress.
- Treatment
- Application of Serratia sp. CP-13e0
- Interactor
- Serratia sp. CP-13e0symbiont
- Outcome
- flavonoids and prolinee0
- Direction
- augmentede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of Serratia sp. CP-13 significantly augmented plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidative machinery, as well as flavonoids and proline while diminishing H2O2, RMP MDA production even under Cd stress in studied cultivars.”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Serratia sp. CP-13 diminishing H2O2, RMP MDA production under Cd stress.
- Treatment
- Application of Serratia sp. CP-13e0
- Interactor
- Serratia sp. CP-13e0symbiont
- Outcome
- H2O2, RMP MDA productione0
- Direction
- diminishinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of Serratia sp. CP-13 significantly augmented plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidative machinery, as well as flavonoids and proline while diminishing H2O2, RMP MDA production even under Cd stress in studied cultivars.”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
CP-13 inoculation sustained essential nutrient levels in Cd-stressed maize.
- Treatment
- CP-13 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- CP-13e0symbiont
- Outcome
- essential nutrients (Ca, Mg, Zn, K, Fe)e0
- Direction
- sustaine0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CP-13 inoculation assisted the Cd stressed plants to sustain an optimal level of essential nutrients (Ca, Mg, Zn, K, Fe) except for Na and Cd which responded antagonistically.”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Na and Cd responded antagonistically to CP-13 inoculation.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CP-13 inoculation assisted the Cd stressed plants to sustain an optimal level of essential nutrients (Ca, Mg, Zn, K, Fe) except for Na and Cd which responded antagonistically.”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated Sahiwal-2002 acquired greater Cd tolerance than MMRI-Yellow.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“substantial Cd tolerance was acquired by the sensitive cv. Sahiwal-2002 than the tolerant cv. MMRI-Yellow under applied Cd regimes.”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd tolerance declined across the ordered Cd doses under CP-13 inoculation.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“studied maize cultivars depicted maximum Cd tolerance in order of 30 < 24 < 18 < 12 < 6 < 0 µM Cd treatments under Serratia sp. CP-13 inoculation.”
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