Abstract
Favorable root phenotypes can promote crops to obtain soil nutrients efficiently. The root-layer regulation technology based on the depth of phosphate fertilizer application can optimize the spatial and temporal distribution of summer maize root system and promote its spatial matching with soil water and nutrients to supply, providing a theoretical and technical support for realizing fertilizer saving and efficiency improvement by tapping potential of maize root system. In the present study, there were five treatments including CK (no P applied), P5 (phosphorus placement depth of 5 cm), P10 (phosphorus placement depth of 10 cm), P15 (phosphorus placement depth of 15 cm), and P20 (phosphorus placement depth of 20 cm). The effect of phosphorus application depth on root distribution, plant growth and yield formation, as well as nitrogen uptake, accumulation and transport in summer maize was analyzed. The suitable application depths of phosphate fertilizer promoted the growth of summer maize roots and increased root dry weight, root length density, root surface area and root volume significantly totally showing a trend of P15 > P10 > P20 > P5 > CK. With the increase of phosphate fertilizer application depth, the deep corn roots increased significantly. The proportion of root dry weight in P15 and P20 treatments was 12.3% and 12.1% in the 20–40 cm soil layer, and 6.7% and 6.9% in the 40–60 cm soil layer, respectively. The increase of root distribution depth promoted the absorption of nitrogen in the soil, and the nitrogen content in each soil layer, especially below 20 cm, was reduced significantly by the deep application of phosphate fertilizer. The optimization of root distribution promoted the accumulation and transportation of nitrogen in plants. Compared with P5 treatment, the averaged nitrogen fertilizer absorption efficiency, accumulation amount, accumulation rate, partial factor productivity and the grain yield in two years of P15 treatment increased by 14.5 kg kg–1, 19.2%, 48.9%, 6.4 kg kg–1, and 16.4% respectively, showing that under the conditions of the present study, concentrated application of phosphate fertilizer in −15 cm treatment can significantly promote the growth of deep soil roots, expand the space of nutrient utilization for root system, increase the absorption of nitrogen in deep soil, promote the accumulation and transportation of plant nitrogen, improve the productivity and ultimately yield in summer maize.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Suitable phosphate depths significantly increased root dry weight, length density, surface area and volume.
- Treatment
- suitable application depths of phosphate fertilizere0
- Outcome
- root dry weight, root length density, root surface area and root volumee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The suitable application depths of phosphate fertilizer promoted the growth of summer maize roots and increased root dry weight, root length density, root surface area and root volume significantly totally showing a trend of P15 > P10 > P20 > P5 > CK.”
Claim · model-written summary
Deeper phosphate application significantly increased deep corn roots.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- phosphate fertilizer application depthe0
- Outcome
- deep corn rootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the increase of phosphate fertilizer application depth, the deep corn roots increased significantly.”
Claim · model-written summary
P15 produced 12.3% of root dry weight in the 20–40 cm layer.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The proportion of root dry weight in P15 and P20 treatments was 12.3% and 12.1% in the 20–40 cm soil layer”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
P20 produced 12.1% of root dry weight in the 20–40 cm layer.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The proportion of root dry weight in P15 and P20 treatments was 12.3% and 12.1% in the 20–40 cm soil layer”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
P15 produced 6.7% of root dry weight in the 40–60 cm layer.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The proportion of root dry weight in P15 and P20 treatments was 12.3% and 12.1% in the 20–40 cm soil layer, and 6.7% and 6.9% in the 40–60 cm soil layer, respectively.”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
P20 produced 6.9% of root dry weight in the 40–60 cm layer.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The proportion of root dry weight in P15 and P20 treatments was 12.3% and 12.1% in the 20–40 cm soil layer, and 6.7% and 6.9% in the 40–60 cm soil layer, respectively.”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep phosphate application significantly reduced soil nitrogen content, especially below 20 cm.
- Treatment
- deep application of phosphate fertilizere0
- Outcome
- nitrogen content in each soil layere0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- especially below 20 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the nitrogen content in each soil layer, especially below 20 cm, was reduced significantly by the deep application of phosphate fertilizer.”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
P15 increased nitrogen fertilizer absorption efficiency by 14.5 kg kg–1 relative to P5.
- Treatment
- P15 treatmente0
- Outcome
- nitrogen fertilizer absorption efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14.5 kg kg–1e0
- Comparator
- P5 treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with P5 treatment, the averaged nitrogen fertilizer absorption efficiency, accumulation amount, accumulation rate, partial factor productivity and the grain yield in two years of P15 treatment increased by 14.5 kg kg–1, 19.2%, 48.9%, 6.4 kg kg–1, and 16.4% respectively”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
P15 increased nitrogen accumulation amount by 19.2% relative to P5.
- Treatment
- P15 treatmente0
- Outcome
- accumulation amounte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 19.2%e0
- Comparator
- P5 treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with P5 treatment, the averaged nitrogen fertilizer absorption efficiency, accumulation amount, accumulation rate, partial factor productivity and the grain yield in two years of P15 treatment increased by 14.5 kg kg–1, 19.2%, 48.9%, 6.4 kg kg–1, and 16.4% respectively”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
P15 increased nitrogen accumulation rate by 48.9% relative to P5.
- Treatment
- P15 treatmente0
- Outcome
- accumulation ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 48.9%e0
- Comparator
- P5 treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with P5 treatment, the averaged nitrogen fertilizer absorption efficiency, accumulation amount, accumulation rate, partial factor productivity and the grain yield in two years of P15 treatment increased by 14.5 kg kg–1, 19.2%, 48.9%, 6.4 kg kg–1, and 16.4% respectively”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
P15 increased partial factor productivity by 6.4 kg kg–1 relative to P5.
- Treatment
- P15 treatmente0
- Outcome
- partial factor productivitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.4 kg kg–1e0
- Comparator
- P5 treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with P5 treatment, the averaged nitrogen fertilizer absorption efficiency, accumulation amount, accumulation rate, partial factor productivity and the grain yield in two years of P15 treatment increased by 14.5 kg kg–1, 19.2%, 48.9%, 6.4 kg kg–1, and 16.4% respectively”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
P15 increased grain yield by 16.4% relative to P5.
- Treatment
- P15 treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.4%e0
- Comparator
- P5 treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with P5 treatment, the averaged nitrogen fertilizer absorption efficiency, accumulation amount, accumulation rate, partial factor productivity and the grain yield in two years of P15 treatment increased by 14.5 kg kg–1, 19.2%, 48.9%, 6.4 kg kg–1, and 16.4% respectively”
t0“summer maize”
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