Abstract
This work aimed to study the impact of various concentrations of the herbicide 2,4-D dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 5, 10 mg L-1) on fresh and dry biomasses, photosynthetic pigments, quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) and oxidative stress parameters on 28-day old Zea mays leaves. Foliar application of a low dose of 2,4-D significantly promoted the growth biomarkers, whereas, the high doses induced severe disturbances and reduced the growth attributes. This situation produced over-accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) and that was accompany with a significant increase in activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). Otherwise there was a significant decline in ascorbate peroxidase (APx), guiacol peroxidase (GPX), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) and glutathione reductase (GR). Moreover, a significant decline of glutathione (reduced form; GSH) and ascorbic acid (AsA) contents, glutathione redox potential (GSH/GSSG), NADPH and NADPH/NADP+ ratios were recorded. These observations might indicate that high doses of 2,4-D caused a menace to non-target plants through the disruption of antioxidant systems.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of a low dose of 2,4-D significantly promoted the growth biomarkers of maize.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of a low dose of 2,4-D significantly promoted the growth biomarkers”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
High doses of 2,4-D induced severe disturbances and reduced the growth attributes of maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the high doses induced severe disturbances and reduced the growth attributes”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
High doses of 2,4-D caused over-accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation (MDA) in maize leaves.
- Treatment
- high dosese1
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (MDA)e0
- Direction
- over-accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This situation produced over-accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (MDA)”
e1“the high doses induced severe disturbances and reduced the growth attributes”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
High doses of 2,4-D were accompanied by a significant increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
- Treatment
- high dosese1
- Outcome
- activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant increase in activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH)”
e1“the high doses induced severe disturbances and reduced the growth attributes”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
High doses of 2,4-D were accompanied by a significant decline in the activity of ascorbate peroxidase and guiacol peroxidase.
- Treatment
- high dosese1
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase (APx), guiacol peroxidase (GPX)e0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was a significant decline in ascorbate peroxidase (APx), guiacol peroxidase (GPX), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) and glutathione reductase (GR)”
e1“the high doses induced severe disturbances and reduced the growth attributes”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
High doses of 2,4-D were accompanied by a significant decline in the activity of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase.
- Treatment
- high dosese1
- Outcome
- glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) and glutathione reductase (GR)e0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was a significant decline in ascorbate peroxidase (APx), guiacol peroxidase (GPX), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) and glutathione reductase (GR)”
e1“the high doses induced severe disturbances and reduced the growth attributes”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
A significant decline of reduced glutathione and ascorbic acid contents was recorded.
- Treatment
- high dosese1
- Outcome
- glutathione (reduced form; GSH) and ascorbic acid (AsA) contentse0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant decline of glutathione (reduced form; GSH) and ascorbic acid (AsA) contents, glutathione redox potential (GSH/GSSG), NADPH and NADPH/NADP+ ratios were recorded”
e1“the high doses induced severe disturbances and reduced the growth attributes”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
A significant decline of glutathione redox potential (GSH/GSSG), NADPH and NADPH/NADP+ ratios was recorded.
- Treatment
- high dosese1
- Outcome
- glutathione redox potential (GSH/GSSG), NADPH and NADPH/NADP+ ratiose0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant decline of glutathione (reduced form; GSH) and ascorbic acid (AsA) contents, glutathione redox potential (GSH/GSSG), NADPH and NADPH/NADP+ ratios were recorded”
e1“the high doses induced severe disturbances and reduced the growth attributes”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that high doses of 2,4-D may harm non-target plants through disruption of antioxidant systems.
- Treatment
- high doses of 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- menace to non-target plantse0
- Qualifier
- disruption of antioxidant systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high doses of 2,4-D caused a menace to non-target plants through the disruption of antioxidant systems”
t0“Zea mays L.”
The same questions in other papers
2,4-D · growth · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
36 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
42 papers more in this group
See all 46 papers →application · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
309 papers in the same direction as this paper · 25 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
333 papers more in this group
See all 337 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.