Abstract
In this experiment, maize plants were subjected to different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 250 µM) of the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D), with some groups primed with abscisic acid (ABA) and others not. Initial observations showed that after five days of incubation, seedlings exposed to the highest concentration of 2, 4-D exhibited stunted growth and a reduction in chlorophyll accumulation. Key parameters such as relative water content, relative growth rate, and net assimilation rate decreased (by 25%, 39%, and 35% respectively) under this condition. However, these parameters partially recovered with ABA priming, showing average improvements (8%, 14%, and 16%). Recovery in tissue hydration was also noted, coinciding with increased concentrations of proline (Pro) and glycine betaine (GB), and a decrease in the Na+/K+ ratio. When exposed to the highest concentration of the herbicide, fluorescence activity was reduced, but this too was reversed with ABA treatment. A notable inhibition of photosynthesis occurred, particularly at the decarboxylation reactions involving NADP-malic enzyme and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, affecting total sugar concentrations. Under the influence of 2, 4-D, there was a significant increase in reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide (35%) and hydrogen peroxide (78%), but these levels significantly diminished with ABA priming. Abscisic acid priming also mitigated oxidative stress, evidenced by a reduction in malondialdehyde (by 10%) and carbonyl content (by 11%), along with lower electrolyte leakage. The regulation of oxidative pathways through ABA priming was apparent as the plants showed increased activity of enzymes such as peroxidases, catalases, and those involved in glutathione metabolism, including glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase. The study also discussed how ABA metabolism regulates sensitivity to 2, 4-D and highlighted certain parameters for selecting redox homeostasis against herbicidal toxicity.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
The 2,4-D highest concentration stunted growth and reduced chlorophyll accumulation in maize seedlings.
- Treatment
- highest concentration of 2, 4-De1
- Outcome
- stunted growth and a reduction in chlorophyll accumulatione1
- Direction
- reductione1
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize plants were subjected to different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 250 µM) of the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D)”
e1“seedlings exposed to the highest concentration of 2, 4-D exhibited stunted growth and a reduction in chlorophyll accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2,4-D highest concentration decreased relative water content in maize seedlings by 25%.
- Treatment
- highest concentration of 2, 4-De1
- Outcome
- relative water contente2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 25%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize plants were subjected to different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 250 µM) of the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D)”
e1“seedlings exposed to the highest concentration of 2, 4-D exhibited stunted growth and a reduction in chlorophyll accumulation”
e2“Key parameters such as relative water content, relative growth rate, and net assimilation rate decreased (by 25%, 39%, and 35% respectively) under this condition”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2,4-D highest concentration decreased relative growth rate in maize seedlings by 39%.
- Treatment
- highest concentration of 2, 4-De1
- Outcome
- relative growth ratee2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 39%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize plants were subjected to different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 250 µM) of the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D)”
e1“seedlings exposed to the highest concentration of 2, 4-D exhibited stunted growth and a reduction in chlorophyll accumulation”
e2“Key parameters such as relative water content, relative growth rate, and net assimilation rate decreased (by 25%, 39%, and 35% respectively) under this condition”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2,4-D highest concentration decreased net assimilation rate in maize seedlings by 35%.
- Treatment
- highest concentration of 2, 4-De1
- Outcome
- net assimilation ratee2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 35%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize plants were subjected to different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 250 µM) of the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D)”
e1“seedlings exposed to the highest concentration of 2, 4-D exhibited stunted growth and a reduction in chlorophyll accumulation”
e2“Key parameters such as relative water content, relative growth rate, and net assimilation rate decreased (by 25%, 39%, and 35% respectively) under this condition”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA priming improved relative water content of 2,4-D stressed maize seedlings by 8% on average.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize plants were subjected to different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 250 µM) of the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D)”
e2“Key parameters such as relative water content, relative growth rate, and net assimilation rate decreased (by 25%, 39%, and 35% respectively) under this condition”
e3“However, these parameters partially recovered with ABA priming, showing average improvements (8%, 14%, and 16%)”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA priming improved relative growth rate of 2,4-D stressed maize seedlings by 14% on average.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize plants were subjected to different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 250 µM) of the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D)”
e2“Key parameters such as relative water content, relative growth rate, and net assimilation rate decreased (by 25%, 39%, and 35% respectively) under this condition”
e3“However, these parameters partially recovered with ABA priming, showing average improvements (8%, 14%, and 16%)”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA priming improved net assimilation rate of 2,4-D stressed maize seedlings by 16% on average.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize plants were subjected to different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 250 µM) of the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D)”
e2“Key parameters such as relative water content, relative growth rate, and net assimilation rate decreased (by 25%, 39%, and 35% respectively) under this condition”
e3“However, these parameters partially recovered with ABA priming, showing average improvements (8%, 14%, and 16%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Recovery in tissue hydration in maize coincided with increased proline and glycine betaine.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize plants were subjected to different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 250 µM) of the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D)”
e4“Recovery in tissue hydration was also noted, coinciding with increased concentrations of proline (Pro) and glycine betaine (GB), and a decrease in the Na+/K+ ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA priming was associated with a decrease in the Na+/K+ ratio in maize seedlings.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize plants were subjected to different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 250 µM) of the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D)”
e3“However, these parameters partially recovered with ABA priming, showing average improvements (8%, 14%, and 16%)”
e4“Recovery in tissue hydration was also noted, coinciding with increased concentrations of proline (Pro) and glycine betaine (GB), and a decrease in the Na+/K+ ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest 2,4-D concentration reduced fluorescence activity in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize plants were subjected to different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 250 µM) of the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D)”
e5“When exposed to the highest concentration of the herbicide, fluorescence activity was reduced, but this too was reversed with ABA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA treatment reversed the 2,4-D reduction in fluorescence activity in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize plants were subjected to different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 250 µM) of the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D)”
e5“When exposed to the highest concentration of the herbicide, fluorescence activity was reduced, but this too was reversed with ABA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2,4-D herbicide inhibited photosynthesis in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize plants were subjected to different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 250 µM) of the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D)”
e6“A notable inhibition of photosynthesis occurred, particularly at the decarboxylation reactions involving NADP-malic enzyme and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, affecting total sugar concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2,4-D herbicide inhibition of photosynthesis in maize was particularly at the decarboxylation reactions of NADP-malic enzyme and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase.
- Treatment
- 2, 4-De0
- Gene
- NADP-malic enzyme and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylasee6
- Outcome
- decarboxylation reactionse6
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize plants were subjected to different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 250 µM) of the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D)”
e6“A notable inhibition of photosynthesis occurred, particularly at the decarboxylation reactions involving NADP-malic enzyme and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, affecting total sugar concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2,4-D herbicide affected total sugar concentrations in maize; direction not stated.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize plants were subjected to different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 250 µM) of the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D)”
e6“A notable inhibition of photosynthesis occurred, particularly at the decarboxylation reactions involving NADP-malic enzyme and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, affecting total sugar concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2,4-D herbicide increased superoxide by 35% in maize seedlings.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize plants were subjected to different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 250 µM) of the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D)”
e7“Under the influence of 2, 4-D, there was a significant increase in reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide (35%) and hydrogen peroxide (78%), but these levels significantly diminished with ABA priming”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2,4-D herbicide increased hydrogen peroxide by 78% in maize seedlings.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize plants were subjected to different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 250 µM) of the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D)”
e7“Under the influence of 2, 4-D, there was a significant increase in reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide (35%) and hydrogen peroxide (78%), but these levels significantly diminished with ABA priming”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA priming diminished reactive oxygen species levels in 2,4-D stressed maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize plants were subjected to different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 250 µM) of the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D)”
e7“Under the influence of 2, 4-D, there was a significant increase in reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide (35%) and hydrogen peroxide (78%), but these levels significantly diminished with ABA priming”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA priming reduced malondialdehyde by 10% in 2,4-D stressed maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize plants were subjected to different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 250 µM) of the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D)”
e7“Abscisic acid priming also mitigated oxidative stress, evidenced by a reduction in malondialdehyde (by 10%) and carbonyl content (by 11%), along with lower electrolyte leakage”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA priming reduced carbonyl content by 11% in 2,4-D stressed maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize plants were subjected to different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 250 µM) of the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D)”
e7“Abscisic acid priming also mitigated oxidative stress, evidenced by a reduction in malondialdehyde (by 10%) and carbonyl content (by 11%), along with lower electrolyte leakage”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA priming lowered electrolyte leakage in 2,4-D stressed maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize plants were subjected to different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 250 µM) of the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D)”
e7“Abscisic acid priming also mitigated oxidative stress, evidenced by a reduction in malondialdehyde (by 10%) and carbonyl content (by 11%), along with lower electrolyte leakage”
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See all 14 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.