Abstract
Temperature is a critical environmental factor governing plant growth and development. The difference between day temperature (DT) and night temperature (NT), abbreviated as DIF, influences plant architecture. Subjecting plants to artificial DIF treatments is an effective strategy in ornamental horticulture. For example, negative DIF (when DT – NT < 0) generally inhibits stem elongation, resulting in dwarf plants. However, the mechanisms underlying stem growth regulation by DIF remains to be completely elucidated. In this study, we aimed to analyze the growth, transcriptome, and phytohormone profiles of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) seedlings grown under different DIF treatments. Under positive DIF (when DT – NT > 0), in contrast to the control temperature (25°C/20°C, DT/NT), high temperature (30°C/25°C) increased stem length and thickness, as well as the number of xylem vessels. Conversely, compared with the positive high temperature DIF treatment (30°C/25°C), under negative DIF treatment (25°C/30°C) stem elongation was inhibited, but stem thickness and the number of xylem vessels were not affected. The negative DIF treatment decreased the expression of gibberellin (GA)-, auxin-, and cell wall-related genes in the epicotyl, as well as the concentrations of GAs and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The expression of these genes and concentrations of these hormones increased under high temperature compared to those under the control temperature positive DIF. Our results suggest that stem length in tomato seedlings is controlled by changes in GA and IAA biosynthesis in response to varying day and night temperatures.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
High positive DIF increased stem length and thickness relative to control temperature.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- high temperature (30°C/25°C)e0
- Outcome
- stem length and thicknesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control temperature (25°C/20°C, DT/NT)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in contrast to the control temperature (25°C/20°C, DT/NT), high temperature (30°C/25°C) increased stem length and thickness”
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
High positive DIF increased xylem vessel number relative to control temperature.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- high temperature (30°C/25°C)e0
- Outcome
- number of xylem vesselse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control temperature (25°C/20°C, DT/NT)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in contrast to the control temperature (25°C/20°C, DT/NT), high temperature (30°C/25°C) increased stem length and thickness, as well as the number of xylem vessels”
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Negative DIF inhibited stem elongation relative to high positive DIF.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- negative DIF treatment (25°C/30°C)e0
- Outcome
- stem elongatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Comparator
- positive high temperature DIF treatment (30°C/25°C)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with the positive high temperature DIF treatment (30°C/25°C), under negative DIF treatment (25°C/30°C) stem elongation was inhibited”
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Negative DIF did not affect stem thickness or xylem vessel number relative to high positive DIF.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- negative DIF treatment (25°C/30°C)e0
- Outcome
- stem thickness and the number of xylem vesselse0
- Direction
- not affectede0
- Comparator
- positive high temperature DIF treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under negative DIF treatment (25°C/30°C) stem elongation was inhibited, but stem thickness and the number of xylem vessels were not affected”
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“compared with the positive high temperature DIF treatment (30°C/25°C)”
Claim · model-written summary
Negative DIF decreased gibberellin, auxin and cell wall related gene expression in epicotyls.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- epicotyle0
- Treatment
- negative DIF treatmente0
- Outcome
- expression of gibberellin (GA)-, auxin-, and cell wall-related genese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“negative DIF treatment decreased the expression of gibberellin (GA)-, auxin-, and cell wall-related genes in the epicotyl”
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Negative DIF decreased gibberellin and indole-3-acetic acid concentrations.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- negative DIF treatmente0
- Outcome
- concentrations of GAs and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“negative DIF treatment decreased the expression of gibberellin (GA)-, auxin-, and cell wall-related genes in the epicotyl, as well as the concentrations of GAs and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)”
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature increased the expression of these genes relative to control temperature.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- high temperaturee0
- Outcome
- expression of these genese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control temperature positive DIFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expression of these genes and concentrations of these hormones increased under high temperature compared to those under the control temperature positive DIF”
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature increased hormone concentrations relative to control temperature.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- high temperaturee0
- Outcome
- concentrations of these hormonese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control temperature positive DIFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expression of these genes and concentrations of these hormones increased under high temperature compared to those under the control temperature positive DIF”
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest day-night temperature regulates tomato stem length through GA and IAA biosynthesis.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- stem lengthe0
- Qualifier
- changes in GA and IAA biosynthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stem length in tomato seedlings is controlled by changes in GA and IAA biosynthesis in response to varying day and night temperatures”
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