Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during the rainy and winter seasons of 2012–14 at Hisar, Haryana, to study energetics, water and crop productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] sequence as affected by land configurations and irrigation regimes in semi-arid agro-ecosystem. Two years average data showed that the highest yields were achieved with furrow-irrigated raised bed (FIRB). It has increased system yields by 13%, 21.7% and 13.7% over conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and zero tillage (ZT) respectively. This study also indicated that FIRB gave greater system returns (58×103/ha) compared to the other practices. Water-use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) of wheat-clusterbean increased by 26–28% and 25–35% with FIRB planting than CT. The maximum system net energy (355.9 × 103 MJ/ha) was recorded in FIRB with water stress level of 0.90 IW: CPE for wheat and 0.80 IW: CPE for clusterbean (I1) than other combinations. Similarly, energy-use efficiency (22.5) and energy productivity (375.7 g/MJ) were maximum in ZT with water stress level of 0.75 IW: CPE for wheat and 0.70 IW: CPE for clusterbean (I2) compared to the other tillage and irrigation regimes. Wheat-clusterbean under FIRB with water stress level of I1 chronicled considerably greater system net returns (12–75%) than CT, MT and ZT across water stress levels. Among planting systems, FIRB under I1 was found to be a better option to enhance productivity and profitability, while greater energy use efficiency and energy productivity in ZT.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
FIRB increased system yield by 13% over conventional tillage in the wheat-cluster bean sequence.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Triticum aestivume2 - Treatment
- furrow-irrigated raised bed (FIRB)e4
- Outcome
- system yieldse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 13%e1
- Comparator
- conventional tillage (CT)e1
- Setting
- Hisar, Haryanae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“It has increased system yields by 13%, 21.7% and 13.7% over conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and zero tillage (ZT) respectively”
e2“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.]”
e3“at Hisar, Haryana”
e4“Two years average data showed that the highest yields were achieved with furrow-irrigated raised bed (FIRB)”
Claim · model-written summary
FIRB increased system yield by 21.7% over minimum tillage in the wheat-cluster bean sequence.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- furrow-irrigated raised bed (FIRB)e4
- Outcome
- system yieldse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 21.7%e1
- Comparator
- minimum tillage (MT)e1
- Setting
- Hisar, Haryanae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“It has increased system yields by 13%, 21.7% and 13.7% over conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and zero tillage (ZT) respectively”
e2“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.]”
e3“at Hisar, Haryana”
e4“Two years average data showed that the highest yields were achieved with furrow-irrigated raised bed (FIRB)”
Claim · model-written summary
FIRB increased system yield by 13.7% over zero tillage in the wheat-cluster bean sequence.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- furrow-irrigated raised bed (FIRB)e4
- Outcome
- system yieldse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 13.7%e1
- Comparator
- zero tillage (ZT)e1
- Setting
- Hisar, Haryanae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“It has increased system yields by 13%, 21.7% and 13.7% over conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and zero tillage (ZT) respectively”
e2“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.]”
e3“at Hisar, Haryana”
e4“Two years average data showed that the highest yields were achieved with furrow-irrigated raised bed (FIRB)”
Claim · model-written summary
FIRB gave greater system returns (58×103/ha) than the other practices.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- FIRBe1
- Outcome
- system returnse1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Value
- 58×103/hae1
- Comparator
- the other practicese1
- Setting
- Hisar, Haryanae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study also indicated that FIRB gave greater system returns (58×103/ha) compared to the other practices”
e2“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.]”
e3“at Hisar, Haryana”
Claim · model-written summary
FIRB planting increased water-use efficiency of wheat-clusterbean by 26–28% over conventional tillage.
Verbatim
e1“Water-use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) of wheat-clusterbean increased by 26–28% and 25–35% with FIRB planting than CT”
e2“at Hisar, Haryana”
Claim · model-written summary
FIRB planting increased irrigation water productivity of wheat-clusterbean by 25–35% over conventional tillage.
Verbatim
e1“Water-use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) of wheat-clusterbean increased by 26–28% and 25–35% with FIRB planting than CT”
e2“at Hisar, Haryana”
Claim · model-written summary
FIRB at water stress I1 gave the maximum system net energy of 355.9 × 103 MJ/ha among the combinations.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- FIRBe1
- Outcome
- system net energye1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 355.9 × 103 MJ/hae1
- Qualifier
- water stress level of 0.90 IW: CPE for wheat and 0.80 IW: CPE for clusterbean (I1)e1
- Comparator
- other combinationse1
- Setting
- Hisar, Haryanae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The maximum system net energy (355.9 × 103 MJ/ha) was recorded in FIRB with water stress level of 0.90 IW: CPE for wheat and 0.80 IW: CPE for clusterbean (I1) than other combinations”
e2“at Hisar, Haryana”
Claim · model-written summary
Energy-use efficiency was maximum in zero tillage (ZT) compared with the other tillage and irrigation regimes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- ZTe1
- Outcome
- energy-use efficiencye1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 22.5e1
- Qualifier
- water stress level of 0.75 IW: CPE for wheat and 0.70 IW: CPE for clusterbean (I2)e1
- Comparator
- other tillage and irrigation regimese1
- Setting
- Hisar, Haryanae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Similarly, energy-use efficiency (22.5) and energy productivity (375.7 g/MJ) were maximum in ZT with water stress level of 0.75 IW: CPE for wheat and 0.70 IW: CPE for clusterbean (I2) compared to the other tillage and irrigation regimes”
e2“at Hisar, Haryana”
Claim · model-written summary
Energy productivity was maximum in zero tillage (ZT) compared with the other tillage and irrigation regimes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- ZTe1
- Outcome
- energy productivitye1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 375.7 g/MJe1
- Qualifier
- water stress level of 0.75 IW: CPE for wheat and 0.70 IW: CPE for clusterbean (I2)e1
- Comparator
- other tillage and irrigation regimese1
- Setting
- Hisar, Haryanae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Similarly, energy-use efficiency (22.5) and energy productivity (375.7 g/MJ) were maximum in ZT with water stress level of 0.75 IW: CPE for wheat and 0.70 IW: CPE for clusterbean (I2) compared to the other tillage and irrigation regimes”
e2“at Hisar, Haryana”
Claim · model-written summary
FIRB under water stress I1 gave considerably greater system net returns (12–75%) than CT, MT and ZT.
Verbatim
e1“Wheat-clusterbean under FIRB with water stress level of I1 chronicled considerably greater system net returns (12–75%) than CT, MT and ZT across water stress levels”
e2“at Hisar, Haryana”
Claim · model-written summary
FIRB under I1 is a better option than the other planting systems to enhance productivity and profitability of wheat-clusterbean.
Verbatim
e1“Among planting systems, FIRB under I1 was found to be a better option to enhance productivity and profitability”
e2“Wheat-clusterbean under FIRB with water stress level of I1 chronicled considerably greater system net returns (12–75%) than CT, MT and ZT across water stress levels”
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