Abstract
In this study, the effects of fulvic acid (FA) were investigated on the concentrations of photosynthetic pigments, malondialdehyde (MDA) and root and stem anatomy in Triticum aestivum L. under chromium stress. Plants were grown under-controlled growth chamber conditions and then exposed to 0.10, 0.20, 0.30 or 0.50 mM chromium solution (Cr6+) and 1.5 mg/L of FA solution alone or in combination with the Cr stress for 21 days. Results indicate that the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were lower in the chromium-treated group than in the FA + Cr treated group, depending on the amount of chromium stress applied. The decrease levels in the ratio of the photosynthetic pigments in Cr treated groups were as follows (%): Chlorophyll a 55, chlorophyll b 72.83, total chlorophyll 44.65, total carotenoid 45.09. These levels in FA + Cr treated groups were as follows, respectively: 28.82, 53.70, 31.21 and 31.35. On the other hand, the chlorophyll a/b ratio and MDA contents were higher in the chromium-treated group in comparison to the FA + Cr treated group. The increase levels in Cr treated groups in the ratio of the chlorophyll a/b and MDA contents were as follows (%): Chlorophyll a/b 40.17, MDA 45.95. The ameliorating effect of FA was determined as 5.40% in MDA and 4.78% in chlorophyll a/b ratio. The cross-sections of plant roots exposed to Cr stress presented some anatomical changes. The stem of Cr-treated plants showed an increase in the thickness of sclerenchyma, phloem and xylem and the diameter of parenchyma cells. Significant reduction in the diameter of vessel elements in the stem were observed as a result of Cr exposure. In conclusion, FA could play an important role in reducing chromium stress in wheat plants.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
chlorophyll a was lower under chromium alone than FA plus chromium.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- chromium-treated groupe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- depending on the amount of chromium stress appliede0
- Comparator
- FA + Cr treated groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“Results indicate that the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were lower in the chromium-treated group than in the FA + Cr treated group, depending on the amount of chromium stress applied.”
Claim · model-written summary
chlorophyll b was lower under chromium alone than FA plus chromium.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chromium-treated groupe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- depending on the amount of chromium stress appliede0
- Comparator
- FA + Cr treated groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“Results indicate that the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were lower in the chromium-treated group than in the FA + Cr treated group, depending on the amount of chromium stress applied.”
Claim · model-written summary
total chlorophyll was lower under chromium alone than FA plus chromium.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chromium-treated groupe0
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- depending on the amount of chromium stress appliede0
- Comparator
- FA + Cr treated groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“Results indicate that the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were lower in the chromium-treated group than in the FA + Cr treated group, depending on the amount of chromium stress applied.”
Claim · model-written summary
carotenoid contents was lower under chromium alone than FA plus chromium.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chromium-treated groupe0
- Outcome
- carotenoid contentse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- depending on the amount of chromium stress appliede0
- Comparator
- FA + Cr treated groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“Results indicate that the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were lower in the chromium-treated group than in the FA + Cr treated group, depending on the amount of chromium stress applied.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll a decreased by 55% under chromium treatment.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cr treated groupse0
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 55e0
- Qualifier
- (%)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“The decrease levels in the ratio of the photosynthetic pigments in Cr treated groups were as follows (%): Chlorophyll a 55, chlorophyll b 72.83, total chlorophyll 44.65, total carotenoid 45.09.”
Claim · model-written summary
chlorophyll b decreased by 72.83% under chromium treatment.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cr treated groupse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 72.83e0
- Qualifier
- (%)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“The decrease levels in the ratio of the photosynthetic pigments in Cr treated groups were as follows (%): Chlorophyll a 55, chlorophyll b 72.83, total chlorophyll 44.65, total carotenoid 45.09.”
Claim · model-written summary
total chlorophyll decreased by 44.65% under chromium treatment.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cr treated groupse0
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 44.65e0
- Qualifier
- (%)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“The decrease levels in the ratio of the photosynthetic pigments in Cr treated groups were as follows (%): Chlorophyll a 55, chlorophyll b 72.83, total chlorophyll 44.65, total carotenoid 45.09.”
Claim · model-written summary
total carotenoid decreased by 45.09% under chromium treatment.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cr treated groupse0
- Outcome
- total carotenoide0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 45.09e0
- Qualifier
- (%)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“The decrease levels in the ratio of the photosynthetic pigments in Cr treated groups were as follows (%): Chlorophyll a 55, chlorophyll b 72.83, total chlorophyll 44.65, total carotenoid 45.09.”
Claim · model-written summary
chlorophyll a decreased by 28.82% in FA plus chromium groups.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- FA + Cr treated groupse0
- Value
- 28.82e0
- Qualifier
- respectivelye0
Not reportedComparatorOutcomeDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“These levels in FA + Cr treated groups were as follows, respectively: 28.82, 53.70, 31.21 and 31.35.”
Claim · model-written summary
chlorophyll b decreased by 53.70% in FA plus chromium groups.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- FA + Cr treated groupse0
- Value
- 53.70e0
- Qualifier
- respectivelye0
Not reportedComparatorOutcomeDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“These levels in FA + Cr treated groups were as follows, respectively: 28.82, 53.70, 31.21 and 31.35.”
Claim · model-written summary
total chlorophyll decreased by 31.21% in FA plus chromium groups.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- FA + Cr treated groupse0
- Value
- 31.21e0
- Qualifier
- respectivelye0
Not reportedComparatorOutcomeDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“These levels in FA + Cr treated groups were as follows, respectively: 28.82, 53.70, 31.21 and 31.35.”
Claim · model-written summary
total carotenoid decreased by 31.35% in FA plus chromium groups.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- FA + Cr treated groupse0
- Value
- 31.35e0
- Qualifier
- respectivelye0
Not reportedComparatorOutcomeDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“These levels in FA + Cr treated groups were as follows, respectively: 28.82, 53.70, 31.21 and 31.35.”
Claim · model-written summary
chlorophyll a/b ratio was higher under chromium alone than FA plus chromium.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chromium-treated groupe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a/b ratioe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- FA + Cr treated groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“the chlorophyll a/b ratio and MDA contents were higher in the chromium-treated group in comparison to the FA + Cr treated group.”
Claim · model-written summary
MDA contents was higher under chromium alone than FA plus chromium.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chromium-treated groupe0
- Outcome
- MDA contentse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- FA + Cr treated groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“the chlorophyll a/b ratio and MDA contents were higher in the chromium-treated group in comparison to the FA + Cr treated group.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll a/b increased by 40.17% in chromium groups.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cr treated groupse0
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll a/be0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 40.17e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“The increase levels in Cr treated groups in the ratio of the chlorophyll a/b and MDA contents were as follows (%): Chlorophyll a/b 40.17, MDA 45.95.”
Claim · model-written summary
MDA increased by 45.95% in chromium groups.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cr treated groupse0
- Outcome
- MDAe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 45.95e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“The increase levels in Cr treated groups in the ratio of the chlorophyll a/b and MDA contents were as follows (%): Chlorophyll a/b 40.17, MDA 45.95.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fulvic acid ameliorated MDA by 5.40%.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- FAe0
- Outcome
- MDAe0
- Value
- 5.40%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“The ameliorating effect of FA was determined as 5.40% in MDA and 4.78% in chlorophyll a/b ratio.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fulvic acid ameliorated chlorophyll a/b ratio by 4.78%.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- FAe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a/b ratioe0
- Value
- 4.78%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“The ameliorating effect of FA was determined as 5.40% in MDA and 4.78% in chlorophyll a/b ratio.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium exposure changed root anatomy.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- plant rootse0
- Treatment
- Cr stresse0
- Outcome
- anatomical changese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“The cross-sections of plant roots exposed to Cr stress presented some anatomical changes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium increased stem sclerenchyma, phloem and xylem thickness and parenchyma cell diameter.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- steme0
- Treatment
- Cr-treated plantse0
- Outcome
- thickness of sclerenchyma, phloem and xylem and the diameter of parenchyma cellse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
e0“The stem of Cr-treated plants showed an increase in the thickness of sclerenchyma, phloem and xylem and the diameter of parenchyma cells.”
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