Abstract
Abstract The present study demonstrated that exogenously-sourced nitric oxide (as SNP, sodium nitroprusside; NO donor) and sulfur (S) protected photosynthesis against chromium (Cr) stress in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. HD 2851). Plants grown with 100 µM Cr exhibited higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, resulting in photosynthetic damage. The individual application of 50 µM NO increased carbohydrate metabolism as well as photosynthetic parameters, antioxidant system with higher transcriptional gene levels that encode the key enzymes for the Calvin cycle under Cr stress. These effects were more prominent when NO was applied with 1.0 mM SO 4 2− . An increase in the reduced glutathione (GSH) content obtained with NO was further enhanced by S and resulted in higher protection against Cr stress. The protective effect of NO with S against Cr toxicity on photosynthesis was reversed when buthionine sulfoximine (BSO; GSH biosynthetic inhibitor) was used. Application of BSO reversed the impact of NO plus S on photosynthesis under Cr stress, verifying that the ameliorating effect of NO was through S-assimilation and via GSH production. Thus, the availability of S to NO application can help reduce Cr toxicity and protect photosynthetic activity and expression of the Calvin cycle enzymes in leaves through the GSH involvement.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium stress increased reactive oxygen species and caused photosynthetic damage in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0t0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants grown with 100 µM Cr exhibited higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, resulting in photosynthetic damage.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitric oxide increased carbohydrate metabolism under chromium stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0t0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The individual application of 50 µM NO increased carbohydrate metabolism as well as photosynthetic parameters, antioxidant system with higher transcriptional gene levels that encode the key enzymes for the Calvin cycle under Cr stress.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitric oxide increased photosynthetic parameters under chromium stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0t0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The individual application of 50 µM NO increased carbohydrate metabolism as well as photosynthetic parameters, antioxidant system with higher transcriptional gene levels that encode the key enzymes for the Calvin cycle under Cr stress.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitric oxide increased the antioxidant system under chromium stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0t0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The individual application of 50 µM NO increased carbohydrate metabolism as well as photosynthetic parameters, antioxidant system with higher transcriptional gene levels that encode the key enzymes for the Calvin cycle under Cr stress.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitric oxide increased transcription of Calvin cycle enzyme genes under chromium stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0t0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher transcriptional gene levels that encode the key enzymes for the Calvin cycle under Cr stress”
t0“nitric oxide efficacy in reversal of chromium-inhibited Calvin cycle enzymes, photosynthetic activity, and carbohydrate metabolism in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The nitric oxide effects were more prominent with sulfur supplementation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0t0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These effects were more prominent when NO was applied with 1.0 mM SO 4 2− .”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur further enhanced the nitric oxide associated increase in reduced glutathione.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0t0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase in the reduced glutathione (GSH) content obtained with NO was further enhanced by S and resulted in higher protection against Cr stress.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur with nitric oxide gave higher protection against chromium stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0t0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase in the reduced glutathione (GSH) content obtained with NO was further enhanced by S and resulted in higher protection against Cr stress.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Buthionine sulfoximine reversed the protection of photosynthesis by nitric oxide and sulfur under chromium stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0t0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The protective effect of NO with S against Cr toxicity on photosynthesis was reversed when buthionine sulfoximine (BSO; GSH biosynthetic inhibitor) was used.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute nitric oxide and sulfur protection to sulfur assimilation and glutathione production.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0t0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“verifying that the ameliorating effect of NO was through S-assimilation and via GSH production”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend sulfur availability with nitric oxide to reduce chromium toxicity and protect photosynthesis and Calvin cycle enzyme expression.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0t0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the availability of S to NO application can help reduce Cr toxicity and protect photosynthetic activity and expression of the Calvin cycle enzymes in leaves through the GSH involvement”
t0“wheat”
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