Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate how delayed fertilization with individual macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S) affects the growth, yield components, biomass, and spectrophotometric indicators of spring wheat grown under controlled hydroponic conditions. Nutrient deprivation was initiated at BBCH stage 23 and maintained for 21, 28, 35, or 133 days, corresponding to BBCH stages 30, 32, 37, and 99, respectively. In selected treatments, the complete nutrient solution was subsequently restored until harvest to evaluate recovery potential. N, P, and Ca deprivation exerted the strongest negative effects on biomass accumulation across all deprivation durations. Compared to the fully supplied control, biomass was reduced by 60% under N deprivation and by 44.5% under P deprivation after 21 days. After 35 days, calcium deprivation resulted in a 97.7% reduction in biomass. Following 133 days of deprivation, biomass was reduced by 98%, 96.8%, and 95.9% under N, calcium, and P deficiencies, respectively. Root mass followed a similar pattern: after 21 days, it decreased by 52.46% (N) and 36.44% (P); after 28 days-by 57.4% (N) and 52.7% (P); after 35 days-by 90.7% (Ca), 66% (N), and 59.1% (P); and after 133 days-by 95.1-90.1% (Ca, N, P). Magnesium deprivation caused substantial reductions in growth parameters, reflecting its central role in chlorophyll structure and photosynthetic efficiency. Sulfur deprivation resulted in moderate but consistent biomass suppression and spectral divergence, indicating its importance in protein synthesis and redox regulation. Short-term deficiencies allowed partial recovery of growth and productivity, whereas long-term deprivation induced pronounced morphological alterations linked to stress adaptation. These effects were further confirmed through in vivo spectral reflectance measurements compared to healthy control plants.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium deprivation had the strongest negative effects on biomass accumulation across all deprivation durations.
- Taxon
- spring wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- N, P, and Ca deprivatione1
- Outcome
- biomass accumulatione1
- Direction
- negative effectse1
- Qualifier
- across all deprivation durationse1
- Setting
- controlled hydroponic conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring wheat grown under controlled hydroponic conditions”
e1“N, P, and Ca deprivation exerted the strongest negative effects on biomass accumulation across all deprivation durations”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen deprivation reduced biomass by 60% after 21 days compared with the fully supplied control.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- N deprivatione2
- Outcome
- biomasse2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 60%e2
- Qualifier
- after 21 dayse2
- Comparator
- fully supplied controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring wheat grown under controlled hydroponic conditions”
e2“Compared to the fully supplied control, biomass was reduced by 60% under N deprivation and by 44.5% under P deprivation after 21 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus deprivation reduced biomass by 44.5% after 21 days compared with the fully supplied control.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- P deprivatione2
- Outcome
- biomasse2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 44.5%e2
- Qualifier
- after 21 dayse2
- Comparator
- fully supplied controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring wheat grown under controlled hydroponic conditions”
e2“Compared to the fully supplied control, biomass was reduced by 60% under N deprivation and by 44.5% under P deprivation after 21 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium deprivation caused a 97.7% reduction in biomass after 35 days.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- calcium deprivatione3
- Outcome
- biomasse3
- Direction
- reductione3
- Value
- 97.7%e3
- Qualifier
- After 35 dayse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring wheat grown under controlled hydroponic conditions”
e3“After 35 days, calcium deprivation resulted in a 97.7% reduction in biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen deficiency reduced biomass by 98% after 133 days of deprivation.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Ne4
- Outcome
- biomasse4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 98%e4
- Qualifier
- Following 133 days of deprivatione4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring wheat grown under controlled hydroponic conditions”
e4“Following 133 days of deprivation, biomass was reduced by 98%, 96.8%, and 95.9% under N, calcium, and P deficiencies, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium deficiency reduced biomass by 96.8% after 133 days of deprivation.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- calciume4
- Outcome
- biomasse4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 96.8%e4
- Qualifier
- Following 133 days of deprivatione4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring wheat grown under controlled hydroponic conditions”
e4“Following 133 days of deprivation, biomass was reduced by 98%, 96.8%, and 95.9% under N, calcium, and P deficiencies, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus deficiency reduced biomass by 95.9% after 133 days of deprivation.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Pe4
- Outcome
- biomasse4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 95.9%e4
- Qualifier
- Following 133 days of deprivatione4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring wheat grown under controlled hydroponic conditions”
e4“Following 133 days of deprivation, biomass was reduced by 98%, 96.8%, and 95.9% under N, calcium, and P deficiencies, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium deprivation caused substantial reductions in spring wheat growth parameters.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Magnesium deprivatione5
- Outcome
- growth parameterse5
- Direction
- substantial reductionse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring wheat grown under controlled hydroponic conditions”
e5“Magnesium deprivation caused substantial reductions in growth parameters, reflecting its central role in chlorophyll structure and photosynthetic efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur deprivation caused moderate but consistent suppression of biomass.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Sulfur deprivatione6
- Outcome
- biomass suppressione6
- Direction
- suppressione6
- Qualifier
- moderate but consistente6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring wheat grown under controlled hydroponic conditions”
e6“Sulfur deprivation resulted in moderate but consistent biomass suppression and spectral divergence, indicating its importance in protein synthesis and redox regulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Short-term deficiencies allowed partial recovery of spring wheat growth and productivity.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Short-term deficienciese7
- Outcome
- growth and productivitye7
- Direction
- partial recoverye7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring wheat grown under controlled hydroponic conditions”
e7“Short-term deficiencies allowed partial recovery of growth and productivity, whereas long-term deprivation induced pronounced morphological alterations linked to stress adaptation”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen deprivation reduced root mass by 52.46% after 21 days.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Ne1
- Outcome
- Root masse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 52.46%e1
- Qualifier
- after 21 dayse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring wheat grown under controlled hydroponic conditions”
e1“Root mass followed a similar pattern: after 21 days, it decreased by 52.46% (N) and 36.44% (P); after 28 days-by 57.4% (N) and 52.7% (P); after 35 days-by 90.7% (Ca), 66% (N), and 59.1% (P); and after 133 days-by 95.1-90.1% (Ca, N, P)”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus deprivation reduced root mass by 36.44% after 21 days.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Pe1
- Outcome
- Root masse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 36.44%e1
- Qualifier
- after 21 dayse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring wheat grown under controlled hydroponic conditions”
e1“Root mass followed a similar pattern: after 21 days, it decreased by 52.46% (N) and 36.44% (P); after 28 days-by 57.4% (N) and 52.7% (P); after 35 days-by 90.7% (Ca), 66% (N), and 59.1% (P); and after 133 days-by 95.1-90.1% (Ca, N, P)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen deprivation reduced root mass by 57.4% after 28 days.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Ne1
- Outcome
- Root masse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 57.4%e1
- Qualifier
- after 28 dayse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring wheat grown under controlled hydroponic conditions”
e1“Root mass followed a similar pattern: after 21 days, it decreased by 52.46% (N) and 36.44% (P); after 28 days-by 57.4% (N) and 52.7% (P); after 35 days-by 90.7% (Ca), 66% (N), and 59.1% (P); and after 133 days-by 95.1-90.1% (Ca, N, P)”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus deprivation reduced root mass by 52.7% after 28 days.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Pe1
- Outcome
- Root masse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 52.7%e1
- Qualifier
- after 28 dayse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring wheat grown under controlled hydroponic conditions”
e1“Root mass followed a similar pattern: after 21 days, it decreased by 52.46% (N) and 36.44% (P); after 28 days-by 57.4% (N) and 52.7% (P); after 35 days-by 90.7% (Ca), 66% (N), and 59.1% (P); and after 133 days-by 95.1-90.1% (Ca, N, P)”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium deprivation reduced root mass by 90.7% after 35 days.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Cae1
- Outcome
- Root masse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 90.7%e1
- Qualifier
- after 35 dayse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring wheat grown under controlled hydroponic conditions”
e1“Root mass followed a similar pattern: after 21 days, it decreased by 52.46% (N) and 36.44% (P); after 28 days-by 57.4% (N) and 52.7% (P); after 35 days-by 90.7% (Ca), 66% (N), and 59.1% (P); and after 133 days-by 95.1-90.1% (Ca, N, P)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen deprivation reduced root mass by 66% after 35 days.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Ne1
- Outcome
- Root masse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 66%e1
- Qualifier
- after 35 dayse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring wheat grown under controlled hydroponic conditions”
e1“Root mass followed a similar pattern: after 21 days, it decreased by 52.46% (N) and 36.44% (P); after 28 days-by 57.4% (N) and 52.7% (P); after 35 days-by 90.7% (Ca), 66% (N), and 59.1% (P); and after 133 days-by 95.1-90.1% (Ca, N, P)”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus deprivation reduced root mass by 59.1% after 35 days.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Pe1
- Outcome
- Root masse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 59.1%e1
- Qualifier
- after 35 dayse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring wheat grown under controlled hydroponic conditions”
e1“Root mass followed a similar pattern: after 21 days, it decreased by 52.46% (N) and 36.44% (P); after 28 days-by 57.4% (N) and 52.7% (P); after 35 days-by 90.7% (Ca), 66% (N), and 59.1% (P); and after 133 days-by 95.1-90.1% (Ca, N, P)”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium, nitrogen and phosphorus deprivation reduced root mass by 95.1-90.1% after 133 days.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Ca, N, Pe1
- Outcome
- Root masse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 95.1-90.1%e1
- Qualifier
- after 133 dayse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring wheat grown under controlled hydroponic conditions”
e1“Root mass followed a similar pattern: after 21 days, it decreased by 52.46% (N) and 36.44% (P); after 28 days-by 57.4% (N) and 52.7% (P); after 35 days-by 90.7% (Ca), 66% (N), and 59.1% (P); and after 133 days-by 95.1-90.1% (Ca, N, P)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur deprivation produced spectral divergence in spring wheat.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- spectral divergencee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring wheat grown under controlled hydroponic conditions”
e6“Sulfur deprivation resulted in moderate but consistent biomass suppression and spectral divergence, indicating its importance in protein synthesis and redox regulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term deprivation induced pronounced morphological alterations in spring wheat.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- long-term deprivatione7
- Outcome
- morphological alterationse7
- Direction
- inducede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring wheat grown under controlled hydroponic conditions”
e7“Short-term deficiencies allowed partial recovery of growth and productivity, whereas long-term deprivation induced pronounced morphological alterations linked to stress adaptation”
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