Abstract
Soil flooding is a compound abiotic stress that alters soil properties and limits atmospheric gas diffusion (O 2 and CO 2 ) to the roots. The involvement of abscisic acid (ABA) in the regulation of soil flooding-specific genetic and metabolic responses has been scarcely studied despite its key importance as regulator in other abiotic stress conditions. To attain this objective, wild type and ABA-deficient tomatoes were subjected to short-term (24 h) soil waterlogging. After this period, gas exchange parameters were reduced in the wild type but not in ABA-deficient plants that always had higher E and g s . Transcript and metabolite alterations were more intense in waterlogged tissues, with genotype-specific variations. Waterlogging reduced the ABA levels in the roots while inducing PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors and ABA-dependent transcription factor transcripts, of which induction was less pronounced in the ABA-deficient genotype. Ethylene/O 2 -dependent genetic responses (ERFVIIs, plant anoxia survival responses, and genes involved in the N-degron pathway) were induced in hypoxic tissues independently of the genotype. Interestingly, genes encoding a nitrate reductase and a phytoglobin involved in NO biosynthesis and scavenging and ERFVII stability were induced in waterlogged tissues, but to a lower extent in ABA-deficient tomato. At the metabolic level, flooding-induced accumulation of Ala was enhanced in ABA-deficient lines following a differential accumulation of Glu and Asp in both hypoxic and aerated tissues, supporting their involvement as sources of oxalacetate to feed the tricarboxylic acid cycle in waterlogged tissues and constituting a potential advantage upon long periods of soil waterlogging. The promoter analysis of upregulated genes indicated that the production of oxalacetate from Asp via Asp oxidase, energy processes such as acetyl-CoA, ATP, and starch biosynthesis, and the lignification process were likely subjected to ABA regulation. Taken together, these data indicate that ABA depletion in waterlogged tissues acts as a positive signal, inducing several specific genetic and metabolic responses to soil flooding.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Soil waterlogging reduced gas exchange in wild-type tomato but not in ABA-deficient plants.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Material
- wild typee0
- Treatment
- soil waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- gas exchange parameterse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- ABA-deficient plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wild type and ABA-deficient tomatoes were subjected to short-term (24 h) soil waterlogging”
e1“gas exchange parameters were reduced in the wild type but not in ABA-deficient plants that always had higher E and g s”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA-deficient tomato plants had higher E and gs than wild type.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- ABA-deficiente1
- Outcome
- E and g se1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- wild typee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wild type and ABA-deficient tomatoes were subjected to short-term (24 h) soil waterlogging”
e1“gas exchange parameters were reduced in the wild type but not in ABA-deficient plants that always had higher E and g s”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcript and metabolite alterations caused by waterlogging were more intense in waterlogged tissues, with genotype-specific variations.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- soil waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- Transcript and metabolite alterationse2
- Direction
- more intensee2
- Qualifier
- genotype-specific variationse2
- Comparator
- aerated tissuese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wild type and ABA-deficient tomatoes were subjected to short-term (24 h) soil waterlogging”
e2“Transcript and metabolite alterations were more intense in waterlogged tissues, with genotype-specific variations”
e6“in both hypoxic and aerated tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging reduced ABA levels in the roots of tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse3
- Treatment
- Waterlogginge3
- Outcome
- ABA levels in the rootse3
- Direction
- reducede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wild type and ABA-deficient tomatoes were subjected to short-term (24 h) soil waterlogging”
e3“Waterlogging reduced the ABA levels in the roots while inducing PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors and ABA-dependent transcription factor transcripts, of which induction was less pronounced in the ABA-deficient genotype”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging induced PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors and ABA-dependent transcription factor transcripts in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Waterlogginge3
- Gene
- PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptorse3
- Outcome
- ABA receptors and ABA-dependent transcription factor transcriptse3
- Direction
- inducinge3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wild type and ABA-deficient tomatoes were subjected to short-term (24 h) soil waterlogging”
e3“Waterlogging reduced the ABA levels in the roots while inducing PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors and ABA-dependent transcription factor transcripts, of which induction was less pronounced in the ABA-deficient genotype”
Claim · model-written summary
The waterlogging induction of ABA-dependent transcription factor transcripts was less pronounced in the ABA-deficient genotype than in wild type.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- ABA-deficient genotypee3
- Treatment
- Waterlogginge3
- Outcome
- inductione3
- Direction
- less pronouncede3
- Comparator
- wild typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wild type and ABA-deficient tomatoes were subjected to short-term (24 h) soil waterlogging”
e3“Waterlogging reduced the ABA levels in the roots while inducing PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors and ABA-dependent transcription factor transcripts, of which induction was less pronounced in the ABA-deficient genotype”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene/O2-dependent genetic responses (ERFVIIs, anoxia survival and N-degron genes) were induced in hypoxic tissues independently of genotype.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- hypoxic tissuese4
- Gene
- ERFVIIse4
- Outcome
- genetic responsese4
- Direction
- inducede4
- Qualifier
- independently of the genotypee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wild type and ABA-deficient tomatoes were subjected to short-term (24 h) soil waterlogging”
e4“Ethylene/O 2 -dependent genetic responses (ERFVIIs, plant anoxia survival responses, and genes involved in the N-degron pathway) were induced in hypoxic tissues independently of the genotype”
Claim · model-written summary
Genes encoding a nitrate reductase and a phytoglobin were induced in waterlogged tomato tissues.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume5
- Treatment
- waterlogged tissuese5
- Gene
- a nitrate reductase and a phytoglobine5
- Outcome
- genes encoding a nitrate reductase and a phytoglobine5
- Direction
- inducede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“genes encoding a nitrate reductase and a phytoglobin involved in NO biosynthesis and scavenging and ERFVII stability were induced in waterlogged tissues, but to a lower extent in ABA-deficient tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The waterlogging induction of nitrate reductase and phytoglobin genes was to a lower extent in ABA-deficient tomato than in wild type.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume5
- Material
- ABA-deficiente5
- Treatment
- waterlogged tissuese5
- Gene
- a nitrate reductase and a phytoglobine5
- Outcome
- genes encoding a nitrate reductase and a phytoglobine5
- Direction
- to a lower extente5
- Comparator
- wild typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wild type and ABA-deficient tomatoes were subjected to short-term (24 h) soil waterlogging”
e5“genes encoding a nitrate reductase and a phytoglobin involved in NO biosynthesis and scavenging and ERFVII stability were induced in waterlogged tissues, but to a lower extent in ABA-deficient tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Flooding-induced accumulation of Ala was enhanced in ABA-deficient tomato lines.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- ABA-deficient linese6
- Treatment
- soil waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- accumulation of Alae6
- Direction
- enhancede6
- Comparator
- wild typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wild type and ABA-deficient tomatoes were subjected to short-term (24 h) soil waterlogging”
e6“flooding-induced accumulation of Ala was enhanced in ABA-deficient lines following a differential accumulation of Glu and Asp in both hypoxic and aerated tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
Glu and Asp accumulated differentially in both hypoxic and aerated tomato tissues.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- hypoxic and aerated tissuese6
- Outcome
- differential accumulation of Glu and Aspe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wild type and ABA-deficient tomatoes were subjected to short-term (24 h) soil waterlogging”
e6“flooding-induced accumulation of Ala was enhanced in ABA-deficient lines following a differential accumulation of Glu and Asp in both hypoxic and aerated tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
Glu and Asp are likely sources of oxaloacetate that feed the TCA cycle in waterlogged tomato tissues.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Compound
- Glu and Aspe6
- Outcome
- sources of oxalacetate to feed the tricarboxylic acid cyclee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. Mill)”
e6“differential accumulation of Glu and Asp in both hypoxic and aerated tissues”
e7“supporting their involvement as sources of oxalacetate to feed the tricarboxylic acid cycle in waterlogged tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
Promoter analysis suggests that oxaloacetate production from Asp, energy processes and lignification are likely under ABA regulation in tomato.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Compound
- ABAe0
- Outcome
- production of oxalacetate from Aspe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. Mill)”
e0“The promoter analysis of upregulated genes indicated that the production of oxalacetate from Asp via Asp oxidase, energy processes such as acetyl-CoA, ATP, and starch biosynthesis, and the lignification process were likely subjected to ABA regulation”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA depletion in waterlogged tomato tissues acts as a positive signal that induces genetic and metabolic responses to soil flooding.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Compound
- ABA depletione0
- Outcome
- genetic and metabolic responses to soil floodinge0
- Qualifier
- acts as a positive signale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. Mill)”
e0“Taken together, these data indicate that ABA depletion in waterlogged tissues acts as a positive signal, inducing several specific genetic and metabolic responses to soil flooding”