Abstract
Integrating foliar zinc (Zn) application into common practices, e.g. application of pesticides, phosphorus (P) or biostimulants, is a feasible agronomic strategy of wheat biofortification. However, it remains unclear how this integrated approach affects the efficacy of foliar Zn sprays, especially under unfavourable environmental conditions. Here, two field experiments considering Zn forms (ZnSO4 and zinc-glycine) and applications (alone or combined with pesticides, KH2PO4, and biostimulants amino acids or fulvic acids) were conducted in two seasons (2017 and 2018), and their effects on the magnitude of grain Zn increment and bioavailability were evaluated. The results showed that less precipitation in 2018 caused 11.7–52.2% yield losses than in 2017, which increased grain Zn concentration by 13.4–58.4%. Foliar application of Zn-glycine did not surpass ZnSO4 spray in regarding to grain Zn concentration and bioavailability. Grain Zn concentration substantially decreased in plants sprayed with KH2PO4 irrespective of Zn forms applied, indicating strong antagonistic effects of P supply on grain Zn enrichment. There were no differences in grain Zn density between the applications of amino acids and fulvic acids. However, grain Zn bioavailability significantly increased by 22.3 and 23.4% in the Zn plus pesticides treatment when sprayed with fulvic acids in 2017 and with amino acids in 2018, respectively. Overall, environmental conditions and foliar Zn management considering Zn forms and applications accounted for 35–45% and 20–37% of explained variation in the magnitude of grain Zn increment, respectively. The results demonstrated that management and environment are crucial factors to consider in agronomic biofortification of wheat.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Lower 2018 precipitation caused yield losses relative to 2017.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- yield lossese0
- Direction
- lossese0
- Value
- 11.7–52.2%e0
- Comparator
- 2017e0
- Setting
- 2018e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“less precipitation in 2018 caused 11.7–52.2% yield losses than in 2017”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2018 conditions increased grain zinc concentration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.4–58.4%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which increased grain Zn concentration by 13.4–58.4%”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn-glycine did not surpass ZnSO4 for grain zinc concentration and bioavailability.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of Zn-glycinee0
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentration and bioavailabilitye0
- Direction
- did not surpasse0
- Comparator
- ZnSO4 spraye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of Zn-glycine did not surpass ZnSO4 spray in regarding to grain Zn concentration and bioavailability.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
KH2PO4 spray decreased grain zinc concentration regardless of zinc form.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sprayed with KH2PO4e0
- Outcome
- Grain Zn concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- irrespective of Zn forms appliede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain Zn concentration substantially decreased in plants sprayed with KH2PO4 irrespective of Zn forms applied”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Amino and fulvic acid applications had no difference in grain zinc density.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- applications of amino acidse0
- Outcome
- grain Zn densitye0
- Direction
- no differencese0
- Comparator
- fulvic acidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were no differences in grain Zn density between the applications of amino acids and fulvic acids.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fulvic acids with zinc plus pesticides raised grain zinc bioavailability in 2017.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sprayed with fulvic acidse0
- Outcome
- grain Zn bioavailabilitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 22.3e0
- Qualifier
- Zn plus pesticides treatmente0
- Setting
- 2017e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain Zn bioavailability significantly increased by 22.3 and 23.4% in the Zn plus pesticides treatment when sprayed with fulvic acids in 2017 and with amino acids in 2018, respectively.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Amino acids with zinc plus pesticides raised grain zinc bioavailability in 2018.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- with amino acidse0
- Outcome
- grain Zn bioavailabilitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 23.4%e0
- Qualifier
- Zn plus pesticides treatmente0
- Setting
- 2018e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain Zn bioavailability significantly increased by 22.3 and 23.4% in the Zn plus pesticides treatment when sprayed with fulvic acids in 2017 and with amino acids in 2018, respectively.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Environmental conditions accounted for 35–45% of explained variation in grain zinc increment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- explained variation in the magnitude of grain Zn incremente0
- Value
- 35–45%e0
- Setting
- environmental conditionse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“environmental conditions and foliar Zn management considering Zn forms and applications accounted for 35–45% and 20–37% of explained variation in the magnitude of grain Zn increment, respectively.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar zinc management accounted for 20–37% of explained variation in grain zinc increment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar Zn management considering Zn forms and applicationse0
- Outcome
- explained variation in the magnitude of grain Zn incremente0
- Value
- 20–37%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“environmental conditions and foliar Zn management considering Zn forms and applications accounted for 35–45% and 20–37% of explained variation in the magnitude of grain Zn increment, respectively.”
t0“wheat”
The same questions in other papers
application · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
256 papers in the same direction as this paper · 17 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
271 papers more in this group
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