Abstract
Phosphorus and nitrogen nutrition have profound and complicated innate connections; however, underlying molecular mechanisms are mostly elusive. PHR1 is a master phosphate signaling component, and whether it directly functions in phosphorus-nitrogen crosstalk remains a particularly interesting question. In maize, nitrogen limitation caused tip kernel abortion and ear shortening. By contrast, moderately low phosphate in the field reduced kernels across the ear, maintained ear elongation and significantly lowered concentrations of total free amino acids and soluble proteins 2 weeks after silking. Transcriptome profiling revealed significant enrichment and overall down-regulation of transport genes in ears under low phosphate. Importantly, 313 out of 847 differentially expressed genes harbored PHR1 binding sequences (P1BS) including those controlling amino acid/polyamine transport and metabolism. Specifically, both ZmAAP2 and ZmLHT1 are plasma membrane-localized broad-spectrum amino acid transporters, and ZmPHR1.1 and ZmPHR1.2 were able to bind to P1BS-containing ZmAAP2 and ZmLHT1 and down-regulate their expression in planta. Taken together, the results suggest that prevalence of P1BS elements enables ZmPHR1s to regulate a large number of low phosphate responsive genes. Further, consistent with reduced accumulation of free amino acids, ZmPHR1s down-regulate ZmAAP2 and ZmLHT1 expression as direct linkers of phosphorus and nitrogen nutrition independent of NIGT1 in maize ear under low phosphate.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen limitation caused tip kernel abortion and ear shortening.
Zea maysNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In maize, nitrogen limitation caused tip kernel abortion and ear shortening.”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderately low phosphate reduced kernels across the ear.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderately low phosphate in the field reduced kernels across the ear, maintained ear elongation and significantly lowered concentrations of total free amino acids and soluble proteins 2 weeks after silking.”
e1“In maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderately low phosphate maintained ear elongation.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderately low phosphate in the field reduced kernels across the ear, maintained ear elongation and significantly lowered concentrations of total free amino acids and soluble proteins 2 weeks after silking.”
e1“In maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Low phosphate lowered free amino acid concentrations two weeks after silking.
- Treatment
- moderately low phosphatee0
- Outcome
- concentrations of total free amino acidse0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Qualifier
- 2 weeks after silkinge0
- Setting
- fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderately low phosphate in the field reduced kernels across the ear, maintained ear elongation and significantly lowered concentrations of total free amino acids and soluble proteins 2 weeks after silking.”
e1“In maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Low phosphate lowered soluble protein concentrations two weeks after silking.
- Treatment
- moderately low phosphatee0
- Outcome
- soluble proteinse0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Qualifier
- 2 weeks after silkinge0
- Setting
- fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderately low phosphate in the field reduced kernels across the ear, maintained ear elongation and significantly lowered concentrations of total free amino acids and soluble proteins 2 weeks after silking.”
e1“In maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Transport genes were enriched and generally downregulated in ears under low phosphate.
- Organ / stage
- earse0
- Treatment
- low phosphatee0
- Gene
- transport genese0
- Outcome
- significant enrichment and overall down-regulation of transport genese0
- Direction
- down-regulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcriptome profiling revealed significant enrichment and overall down-regulation of transport genes in ears under low phosphate.”
e1“In maize”
Claim · model-written summary
A total of 313 of 847 differentially expressed genes contained PHR1 binding sequences.
- Gene
- PHR1 binding sequences (P1BS)e0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genes harbored PHR1 binding sequences (P1BS)e0
- Value
- 313 out of 847e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“313 out of 847 differentially expressed genes harbored PHR1 binding sequences (P1BS) including those controlling amino acid/polyamine transport and metabolism.”
e1“In maize”
Claim · model-written summary
ZmAAP2 and ZmLHT1 are plasma membrane localized broad spectrum amino acid transporters.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both ZmAAP2 and ZmLHT1 are plasma membrane-localized broad-spectrum amino acid transporters”
e1“In maize”
Claim · model-written summary
ZmPHR1.1 and ZmPHR1.2 bind and downregulate ZmAAP2 and ZmLHT1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZmPHR1.1 and ZmPHR1.2 were able to bind to P1BS-containing ZmAAP2 and ZmLHT1 and down-regulate their expression in planta.”
e1“In maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that P1BS prevalence permits broad regulation of phosphate responsive genes by ZmPHR1s.
- Gene
- ZmPHR1se0
- Outcome
- regulate a large number of low phosphate responsive genese0
- Qualifier
- prevalence of P1BS elementse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“prevalence of P1BS elements enables ZmPHR1s to regulate a large number of low phosphate responsive genes.”
e1“In maize”
Claim · model-written summary
ZmPHR1s downregulate ZmAAP2 and ZmLHT1 independently of NIGT1 under low phosphate.
- Treatment
- low phosphatee0
- Gene
- ZmPHR1se0
- Outcome
- ZmAAP2 and ZmLHT1 expressione0
- Direction
- down-regulatee0
- Qualifier
- independent of NIGT1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZmPHR1s down-regulate ZmAAP2 and ZmLHT1 expression as direct linkers of phosphorus and nitrogen nutrition independent of NIGT1 in maize ear under low phosphate.”
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