Abstract
While the capability of integrated nutrient management (INM) in rice systems has been adequately studied, little is known about the related short-term carbon sequestration and changes in soil carbon fractions. Our study examined the responses of organic carbon pools, carbon sequestration and rice yields after application of different organic manures combined with chemical fertilizers in a rice–rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping system in the red and laterite agro-climatic zones of West Bengal, India. The treatments included non-fertilized control; rice straw (RS) + nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer (NPK); Gliricidia (GL) + NPK; farmyard manure (FYM) + NPK; vermicompost (VC) + NPK; and NPK only. Rice straw + NPK treatment resulted in the highest total organic carbon and passive pool of carbon. Vermicompost + NPK treatment resulted in the highest oxidizable organic carbon (0.69%), dissolved organic carbon (0.007%) and microbial biomass carbon (0.01%), followed by FYM + NPK, GL + NPK and RS + NPK as compared to control. Rice straw + NPK sequestered the highest amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) as the total organic carbon (91.10 t ha−1) and passive pool of carbon (85.64 t ha−1), whereas VC + NPK resulted in the highest amount of CO2 (10.24 t ha−1) being sequestered as the active pool of carbon, followed by FYM + NPK (8.33 t ha−1) and GL + NPK (7.22 t ha−1). The application of both NPK only and VC + NPK treatments resulted in the highest grain yields over the three cropping seasons. In spite of high carbon sequestration being observed in more recalcitrant carbon pools, RS + NPK resulted in little increase (3.52 t ha−1) in rice yield over the short term. The results of this study suggest that the short-term changes of soil carbon fractions and carbon sequestration primarily depend on the type of organic manure used. Vermicompost, FYM and GL provide more labile carbon, which can improve rice yield over the short term. However, it is suggested to explore the dynamics of different carbon fractions, carbon sequestration in different pools and rice yields over longer periods of time.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Rice straw plus NPK gave the highest total organic carbon.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Rice straw + NPKe0
- Outcome
- total organic carbone0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice straw + NPK treatment resulted in the highest total organic carbon and passive pool of carbon.”
t0“Rice”
t1“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice straw plus NPK gave the highest passive carbon pool.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Rice straw + NPKe0
- Outcome
- passive pool of carbone0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice straw + NPK treatment resulted in the highest total organic carbon and passive pool of carbon.”
t0“Rice”
t1“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost plus NPK gave the highest oxidizable organic carbon at 0.69%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Vermicompost + NPKe0
- Outcome
- oxidizable organic carbone0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.69%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vermicompost + NPK treatment resulted in the highest oxidizable organic carbon (0.69%), dissolved organic carbon (0.007%) and microbial biomass carbon (0.01%), followed by FYM + NPK, GL + NPK and RS + NPK as compared to control.”
t0“Rice”
t1“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost plus NPK gave the highest dissolved organic carbon at 0.007%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Vermicompost + NPKe0
- Outcome
- dissolved organic carbone0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.007%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vermicompost + NPK treatment resulted in the highest oxidizable organic carbon (0.69%), dissolved organic carbon (0.007%) and microbial biomass carbon (0.01%), followed by FYM + NPK, GL + NPK and RS + NPK as compared to control.”
t0“Rice”
t1“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost plus NPK gave the highest microbial biomass carbon at 0.01%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Vermicompost + NPKe0
- Outcome
- microbial biomass carbone0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.01%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vermicompost + NPK treatment resulted in the highest oxidizable organic carbon (0.69%), dissolved organic carbon (0.007%) and microbial biomass carbon (0.01%), followed by FYM + NPK, GL + NPK and RS + NPK as compared to control.”
t0“Rice”
t1“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice straw plus NPK sequestered 91.10 t ha−1 CO2 as total organic carbon.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Rice straw + NPKe0
- Outcome
- carbon dioxide (CO2) as the total organic carbone0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 91.10 t ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice straw + NPK sequestered the highest amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) as the total organic carbon (91.10 t ha−1) and passive pool of carbon (85.64 t ha−1)”
t0“Rice”
t1“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice straw plus NPK sequestered 85.64 t ha−1 CO2 in the passive pool.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Rice straw + NPKe0
- Outcome
- passive pool of carbone0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 85.64 t ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice straw + NPK sequestered the highest amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) as the total organic carbon (91.10 t ha−1) and passive pool of carbon (85.64 t ha−1)”
t0“Rice”
t1“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost plus NPK sequestered the most active-pool CO2, 10.24 t ha−1.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VC + NPK resulted in the highest amount of CO2 (10.24 t ha−1) being sequestered as the active pool of carbon, followed by FYM + NPK (8.33 t ha−1) and GL + NPK (7.22 t ha−1).”
t0“Rice”
t1“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
FYM plus NPK sequestered 8.33 t ha−1 CO2 in the active pool.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VC + NPK resulted in the highest amount of CO2 (10.24 t ha−1) being sequestered as the active pool of carbon, followed by FYM + NPK (8.33 t ha−1) and GL + NPK (7.22 t ha−1).”
t0“Rice”
t1“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
GL plus NPK sequestered 7.22 t ha−1 CO2 in the active pool.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VC + NPK resulted in the highest amount of CO2 (10.24 t ha−1) being sequestered as the active pool of carbon, followed by FYM + NPK (8.33 t ha−1) and GL + NPK (7.22 t ha−1).”
t0“Rice”
t1“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK alone produced among the highest grain yields over three seasons.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- NPK onlye0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of both NPK only and VC + NPK treatments resulted in the highest grain yields over the three cropping seasons.”
t0“Rice”
t1“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
VC plus NPK produced among the highest grain yields over three seasons.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- VC + NPKe0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of both NPK only and VC + NPK treatments resulted in the highest grain yields over the three cropping seasons.”
t0“Rice”
t1“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
RS plus NPK increased short-term rice yield by only 3.52 t ha−1.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RS + NPK resulted in little increase (3.52 t ha−1) in rice yield over the short term.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest short-term soil carbon changes depend primarily on organic manure type.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- type of organic manuree0
- Outcome
- short-term changes of soil carbon fractions and carbon sequestratione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the short-term changes of soil carbon fractions and carbon sequestration primarily depend on the type of organic manure used.”
t0“Rice”
t1“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose that vermicompost, FYM and GL provide labile carbon that can improve short-term rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Vermicompost, FYM and GLe0
- Compound
- labile carbone0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- improvee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vermicompost, FYM and GL provide more labile carbon, which can improve rice yield over the short term.”
t0“Rice”
t1“Rice”
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