Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at a private farm at Giza in the seasons of 2011 and 2012 to study and evaluate water utilization efficiency, vegetative and roots growth parameters, fruiting measurements, fruit quality and leaf mineral content of Washington Navel orange trees under two irrigation systems. Trees under study aged 35 years budded on sour orange rootstock and grown on clayey loamy soil. Trees were surface irrigated since the farm initiation, then subjected to bubbler and surface irrigation systems in the recent study for comparison. The obtained results pointed out that, surface irrigation consumptive use was (7480 and 7310 m3/fed. in the two seasons) followed by bubbler irrigation system (4302 and 3913 m3/fed.). Water consumptive values increased as soil moisture maintained high by surface irrigation. Monthly water use was low after January and then increased to reach its maximum during June, July and August and then decreased again. On the other hand, bubbler irrigation system supported an increase in water utilization efficiency up to 59.4 %. Bubbler irrigation system increased both vegetative and root growth parameters i.e., (shoot length, leaf area, root length, number of roots and dry weight). Moreover, bubbler irrigation system resulted in a significant increase in fruiting parameters (yield kg per tree, number of fruits/tree, fruit weight g.). In addition to that most of both physical and chemical studied fruit characteristics were improved by bubbler than the surface irrigation method during the first and second seasons. However, leaf mineral content (N, P and K) was not significantly affected by both investigated irrigation methods in the two seasons of study. Bubbler irrigation system results in more effective roots (< 2 mm) in length and number compared with the surface one. This increase was reflected in improved yield and quality of orange production. In brief, it could be concluded and recommended for Washington Navel orange trees grown on clay loamy soil to change surface to bubbler irrigation system for saving more irrigation water with better fruit yield, fruit quality, system and increasing water utilization efficiency to 59.4 %.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Surface irrigation consumed 7480 and 7310 m3/fed. across two seasons.
- Taxon
- WASHINGTON NAVEL ORANGE TREESt0
- Treatment
- surface irrigatione0
- Outcome
- consumptive usee0
- Value
- 7480 and 7310 m3/fed.e0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“surface irrigation consumptive use was (7480 and 7310 m3/fed. in the two seasons)”
t0“WASHINGTON NAVEL ORANGE TREES”
Claim · model-written summary
Bubbler irrigation consumed 4302 and 3913 m3/fed. across two seasons.
- Taxon
- WASHINGTON NAVEL ORANGE TREESt0
- Treatment
- bubbler irrigation systeme0
- Outcome
- Water consumptive valuese1
- Value
- 4302 and 3913 m3/fed.e0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“bubbler irrigation system (4302 and 3913 m3/fed.)”
e1“Water consumptive values”
t0“WASHINGTON NAVEL ORANGE TREES”
Claim · model-written summary
Water consumption increased when surface irrigation maintained high soil moisture.
Verbatim
e0“Water consumptive values increased as soil moisture maintained high by surface irrigation.”
t0“WASHINGTON NAVEL ORANGE TREES”
Claim · model-written summary
Monthly water use was lowest after January and peaked during June through August.
Verbatim
e0“Monthly water use was low after January and then increased to reach its maximum during June, July and August and then decreased again.”
t0“WASHINGTON NAVEL ORANGE TREES”
Claim · model-written summary
Bubbler irrigation increased water utilization efficiency up to 59.4%.
Verbatim
e0“bubbler irrigation system supported an increase in water utilization efficiency up to 59.4 %”
e1“then subjected to bubbler and surface irrigation systems in the recent study for comparison”
t0“WASHINGTON NAVEL ORANGE TREES”
Claim · model-written summary
Bubbler irrigation increased shoot length, leaf area, root length, root number and dry weight.
Verbatim
e0“Bubbler irrigation system increased both vegetative and root growth parameters i.e., (shoot length, leaf area, root length, number of roots and dry weight).”
e1“then subjected to bubbler and surface irrigation systems in the recent study for comparison”
t0“WASHINGTON NAVEL ORANGE TREES”
Claim · model-written summary
Bubbler irrigation significantly increased yield per tree, fruit count and fruit weight.
Verbatim
e0“bubbler irrigation system resulted in a significant increase in fruiting parameters (yield kg per tree, number of fruits/tree, fruit weight g.).”
e1“then subjected to bubbler and surface irrigation systems in the recent study for comparison”
t0“WASHINGTON NAVEL ORANGE TREES”
Claim · model-written summary
Bubbler irrigation improved most measured fruit physical and chemical characteristics.
Verbatim
e0“most of both physical and chemical studied fruit characteristics were improved by bubbler than the surface irrigation method during the first and second seasons.”
t0“WASHINGTON NAVEL ORANGE TREES”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf N, P and K content did not differ significantly between irrigation methods.
- Taxon
- WASHINGTON NAVEL ORANGE TREESt0
- Treatment
- bubblere1
- Outcome
- leaf mineral content (N, P and K)e0
- Comparator
- surface irrigatione1
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“leaf mineral content (N, P and K) was not significantly affected by both investigated irrigation methods in the two seasons of study.”
e1“bubbler and surface irrigation systems”
t0“WASHINGTON NAVEL ORANGE TREES”
Claim · model-written summary
Bubbler irrigation increased length and number of fine effective roots compared with surface irrigation.
Verbatim
e0“Bubbler irrigation system results in more effective roots (< 2 mm) in length and number compared with the surface one.”
t0“WASHINGTON NAVEL ORANGE TREES”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend switching orange trees on clay loam soil from surface to bubbler irrigation for water savings and improved yield and quality.
- Taxon
- Washington Navel orange trees
Citrus sinensise0 - Outcome
- change surface to bubbler irrigation systeme0
- Setting
- clay loamy soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“recommended for Washington Navel orange trees grown on clay loamy soil to change surface to bubbler irrigation system for saving more irrigation water with better fruit yield, fruit quality”
t0“WASHINGTON NAVEL ORANGE TREES”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.