Abstract
This study was carried out during the two successive growingseasons of 2013 and 2014 on seven years old "Washington Navel'' orangetrees budded on Volkamer lemon grown at a commercial orchard near El-Nubaria city, Beheira Governorate, Egypt, to evaluate the effect of differentkinds of fertilizers with using the organic and bio-fertilization partially instead of completed mineral fertilizers as applied at 33.33 to 100 % out of therecommended NPK rate. Organic fertilizers (compost) with three natural rocks(rock phosphate , feldspar and mixed mineral ore) were applied with orwithout bio-fertilizers (Azospirillum lipoferum for N, Bacillus megaterium for PandBacillus circulans for K) at 25g/tree on soil properties, vegetative growthand fruit yield under three different irrigation levels (1- Actual irrigation practiced in the orchard (control) 100%, 2- Irrigation at 75% of control and 3-Irrigation at 50% of control) in sandy soil under drip irrigation system. Theresults indicated that use of moderate irrigation (2919.34 - 3157.88m3/fed./year) and the fertilization program/fed./year (33.33% mineral NPK +33.33% organic NPK + 33.33% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizer NPK)followed by (50% organic NPK + 50% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizers NPK)exhibited decrease in pH and increased (EC, O.M., available macronutrients(NPK), soil microorganisms content and dehydrogenase activity) and improvemost of vegetative growth parameters particularly trunk cross-sectional area(TCSA), canopy volume (CV), number of shoots, average shoot length, averageshoots diameter and number of leaves/shoot at the spring growth cycle, leaf area,leaf dry weight and specific leaf weight in both seasons and achieving the best fruityield with its components as number of fruits/tree, kg/tree, ton/fed. and yieldefficiency (YE). While the deficit irrigation treatment (level 3) with the samefertilization program resulted in an increase field water use efficiency (FWUE)and water productivity (WP). Therefore, both two programs are recommended fororange farmers to save about 25% of irrigation water and replaced about 66.66% of chemical fertilizers by others of natural source and safe for humanand environment without any negative responses on soil properties,vegetative growth and yield assuring higher profit for "Washington Navel"orange trees growers under conditions of this study.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
The irrigation and fertilization program decrease pH.
- Taxon
- ORANGE TREESt0
- Treatment
- moderate irrigation (2919.34 - 3157.88m3/fed./year) and the fertilization program/fed./year (33.33% mineral NPK +33.33% organic NPK + 33.33% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizer NPK)e0
- Outcome
- pHe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Theresults indicated that use of moderate irrigation (2919.34 - 3157.88m3/fed./year) and the fertilization program/fed./year (33.33% mineral NPK +33.33% organic NPK + 33.33% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizer NPK)followed by (50% organic NPK + 50% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizers NPK)exhibited decrease in pH and increased (EC, O.M., available macronutrients(NPK), soil microorganisms content and dehydrogenase activity) and improvemost of vegetative growth parameters particularly trunk cross-sectional area(TCSA), canopy volume (CV), number of shoots, average shoot length, averageshoots diameter and number of leaves/shoot at the spring growth cycle, leaf area,leaf dry weight and specific leaf weight in both seasons and achieving the best fruityield with its components as number of fruits/tree, kg/tree, ton/fed. and yieldefficiency (YE).”
t0“"WASHINGTON NAVEL" ORANGE TREES”
Claim · model-written summary
The irrigation and fertilization program increased EC, O.M., available macronutrients(NPK).
- Taxon
- ORANGE TREESt0
- Treatment
- moderate irrigation (2919.34 - 3157.88m3/fed./year) and the fertilization program/fed./year (33.33% mineral NPK +33.33% organic NPK + 33.33% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizer NPK)e0
- Outcome
- EC, O.M., available macronutrients(NPK)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Theresults indicated that use of moderate irrigation (2919.34 - 3157.88m3/fed./year) and the fertilization program/fed./year (33.33% mineral NPK +33.33% organic NPK + 33.33% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizer NPK)followed by (50% organic NPK + 50% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizers NPK)exhibited decrease in pH and increased (EC, O.M., available macronutrients(NPK), soil microorganisms content and dehydrogenase activity) and improvemost of vegetative growth parameters particularly trunk cross-sectional area(TCSA), canopy volume (CV), number of shoots, average shoot length, averageshoots diameter and number of leaves/shoot at the spring growth cycle, leaf area,leaf dry weight and specific leaf weight in both seasons and achieving the best fruityield with its components as number of fruits/tree, kg/tree, ton/fed. and yieldefficiency (YE).”
t0“"WASHINGTON NAVEL" ORANGE TREES”
Claim · model-written summary
The irrigation and fertilization program increased soil microorganisms content and dehydrogenase activity.
- Taxon
- ORANGE TREESt0
- Treatment
- moderate irrigation (2919.34 - 3157.88m3/fed./year) and the fertilization program/fed./year (33.33% mineral NPK +33.33% organic NPK + 33.33% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizer NPK)e0
- Outcome
- soil microorganisms content and dehydrogenase activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Theresults indicated that use of moderate irrigation (2919.34 - 3157.88m3/fed./year) and the fertilization program/fed./year (33.33% mineral NPK +33.33% organic NPK + 33.33% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizer NPK)followed by (50% organic NPK + 50% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizers NPK)exhibited decrease in pH and increased (EC, O.M., available macronutrients(NPK), soil microorganisms content and dehydrogenase activity) and improvemost of vegetative growth parameters particularly trunk cross-sectional area(TCSA), canopy volume (CV), number of shoots, average shoot length, averageshoots diameter and number of leaves/shoot at the spring growth cycle, leaf area,leaf dry weight and specific leaf weight in both seasons and achieving the best fruityield with its components as number of fruits/tree, kg/tree, ton/fed. and yieldefficiency (YE).”
t0“"WASHINGTON NAVEL" ORANGE TREES”
Claim · model-written summary
The irrigation and fertilization program improve trunk cross-sectional area(TCSA), canopy volume (CV), number of shoots.
- Taxon
- ORANGE TREESt0
- Treatment
- moderate irrigation (2919.34 - 3157.88m3/fed./year) and the fertilization program/fed./year (33.33% mineral NPK +33.33% organic NPK + 33.33% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizer NPK)e0
- Outcome
- trunk cross-sectional area(TCSA), canopy volume (CV), number of shootse0
- Direction
- improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Theresults indicated that use of moderate irrigation (2919.34 - 3157.88m3/fed./year) and the fertilization program/fed./year (33.33% mineral NPK +33.33% organic NPK + 33.33% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizer NPK)followed by (50% organic NPK + 50% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizers NPK)exhibited decrease in pH and increased (EC, O.M., available macronutrients(NPK), soil microorganisms content and dehydrogenase activity) and improvemost of vegetative growth parameters particularly trunk cross-sectional area(TCSA), canopy volume (CV), number of shoots, average shoot length, averageshoots diameter and number of leaves/shoot at the spring growth cycle, leaf area,leaf dry weight and specific leaf weight in both seasons and achieving the best fruityield with its components as number of fruits/tree, kg/tree, ton/fed. and yieldefficiency (YE).”
t0“"WASHINGTON NAVEL" ORANGE TREES”
Claim · model-written summary
The irrigation and fertilization program improve average shoot length, averageshoots diameter and number of leaves/shoot.
- Taxon
- ORANGE TREESt0
- Treatment
- moderate irrigation (2919.34 - 3157.88m3/fed./year) and the fertilization program/fed./year (33.33% mineral NPK +33.33% organic NPK + 33.33% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizer NPK)e0
- Outcome
- average shoot length, averageshoots diameter and number of leaves/shoote0
- Direction
- improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Theresults indicated that use of moderate irrigation (2919.34 - 3157.88m3/fed./year) and the fertilization program/fed./year (33.33% mineral NPK +33.33% organic NPK + 33.33% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizer NPK)followed by (50% organic NPK + 50% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizers NPK)exhibited decrease in pH and increased (EC, O.M., available macronutrients(NPK), soil microorganisms content and dehydrogenase activity) and improvemost of vegetative growth parameters particularly trunk cross-sectional area(TCSA), canopy volume (CV), number of shoots, average shoot length, averageshoots diameter and number of leaves/shoot at the spring growth cycle, leaf area,leaf dry weight and specific leaf weight in both seasons and achieving the best fruityield with its components as number of fruits/tree, kg/tree, ton/fed. and yieldefficiency (YE).”
t0“"WASHINGTON NAVEL" ORANGE TREES”
Claim · model-written summary
The irrigation and fertilization program improve leaf area,leaf dry weight and specific leaf weight.
- Taxon
- ORANGE TREESt0
- Treatment
- moderate irrigation (2919.34 - 3157.88m3/fed./year) and the fertilization program/fed./year (33.33% mineral NPK +33.33% organic NPK + 33.33% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizer NPK)e0
- Outcome
- leaf area,leaf dry weight and specific leaf weighte0
- Direction
- improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Theresults indicated that use of moderate irrigation (2919.34 - 3157.88m3/fed./year) and the fertilization program/fed./year (33.33% mineral NPK +33.33% organic NPK + 33.33% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizer NPK)followed by (50% organic NPK + 50% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizers NPK)exhibited decrease in pH and increased (EC, O.M., available macronutrients(NPK), soil microorganisms content and dehydrogenase activity) and improvemost of vegetative growth parameters particularly trunk cross-sectional area(TCSA), canopy volume (CV), number of shoots, average shoot length, averageshoots diameter and number of leaves/shoot at the spring growth cycle, leaf area,leaf dry weight and specific leaf weight in both seasons and achieving the best fruityield with its components as number of fruits/tree, kg/tree, ton/fed. and yieldefficiency (YE).”
t0“"WASHINGTON NAVEL" ORANGE TREES”
Claim · model-written summary
The irrigation and fertilization program best fruityield with its components as number of fruits/tree, kg/tree, ton/fed. and yieldefficiency (YE).
- Taxon
- ORANGE TREESt0
- Treatment
- moderate irrigation (2919.34 - 3157.88m3/fed./year) and the fertilization program/fed./year (33.33% mineral NPK +33.33% organic NPK + 33.33% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizer NPK)e0
- Outcome
- fruityield with its components as number of fruits/tree, kg/tree, ton/fed. and yieldefficiency (YE)e0
- Direction
- beste0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Theresults indicated that use of moderate irrigation (2919.34 - 3157.88m3/fed./year) and the fertilization program/fed./year (33.33% mineral NPK +33.33% organic NPK + 33.33% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizer NPK)followed by (50% organic NPK + 50% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizers NPK)exhibited decrease in pH and increased (EC, O.M., available macronutrients(NPK), soil microorganisms content and dehydrogenase activity) and improvemost of vegetative growth parameters particularly trunk cross-sectional area(TCSA), canopy volume (CV), number of shoots, average shoot length, averageshoots diameter and number of leaves/shoot at the spring growth cycle, leaf area,leaf dry weight and specific leaf weight in both seasons and achieving the best fruityield with its components as number of fruits/tree, kg/tree, ton/fed. and yieldefficiency (YE).”
t0“"WASHINGTON NAVEL" ORANGE TREES”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation with the same fertilization program increased field water use efficiency and water productivity.
- Taxon
- ORANGE TREESt0
- Treatment
- deficit irrigation treatment (level 3) with the samefertilization programe0
- Outcome
- field water use efficiency (FWUE)and water productivity (WP)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“While the deficit irrigation treatment (level 3) with the samefertilization program resulted in an increase field water use efficiency (FWUE)and water productivity (WP).”
t0“"WASHINGTON NAVEL" ORANGE TREES”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend both programs to save irrigation water and replace chemical fertilizer under the study conditions.
Verbatim
e0“Therefore, both two programs are recommended fororange farmers to save about 25% of irrigation water and replaced about 66.66% of chemical fertilizers by others of natural source and safe for humanand environment without any negative responses on soil properties,vegetative growth and yield assuring higher profit for "Washington Navel"orange trees growers under conditions of this study.”
t0“"WASHINGTON NAVEL" ORANGE TREES”
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