Abstract
Each year 25-75% of banana yields are lost to Cosmopolites sordidus, one of the major pests of banana/plantain plants. This loss is common with resource-limited farmers who cannot afford the frequent application of insecticides due to their cost and developed resistance by weevils. Larvae, the most destructive life stage, occupy ecologically different microenvironments from adult weevils, thus least affected by synthetic insecticides. Feeding of larvae on banana rhizomes interferes with the established and emerging roots which reduce water and nutrient uptake and consequently weaken the plant stability during windy weather. Integrated pest management (IPM) is being promoted, for a single control strategy produces limited and or unsustainable results. IPM options for banana weevils include habitat management (cultural control), biological control, host resistance, botanical control and chemical control as last resort. Of the above IPM strategies, this research evaluated host resistance, botanical plant extracts and entomogenous fungi to contribute to the overall goal of reducing synthetic insecticides use. In the evaluation of host resistance, physiochemical of phenolic origin; lignin, and suberin were considered. Comparably, weevil and methyl jasmonate treatment, induced higher deposits of lignin and suberin, cellular modifications, and high total phenolic content as well as antioxidant capacity in Km5 than Mbwazirume banana cultivars. Induced polyphenols reduced weevil damage to less than 5% in Km5 compared to 11% damage in the Mbwazirume cultivar. However, with the onetime application of 0.01% methyl jasmonate, Mbwazirume, had 50% reduced weevil damage compared to untreated control. Extracts from dried clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum), pepper fruits (Piper guineense) and neem seeds (Azadirachta indica) and their synthetic analogs were evaluated as botanical control option to Carbofuran against C. sordidus in the laboratory and infested field experiments. Efficacy of plant extracts and their synthetic analogs, revealed egg hatch inhibitory effect, larvicidal toxicity and adult repellency variation. For instance, clove extracts and its synthetic analogs had the lower egg inhibitory dose (ID50) of 0.08 to 0.22% than black pepper (0.24 to 0.75%), and half the ID50 value caused 50% larvae mortality. However, in 6 to 48 hours pepper repelled 80 - 98%, clove 78 - 90% and neem 63 - 75% adult weevils, an effect that significantly (P =0.001) reduced field weevil population. Lastly, three Entomogenous fungi; Curvularia senegalensis, Fusarium verticillioides, and Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) were also evaluated for their ability to infect weevil eggs, larvae and adult weevils, and to reduce weevil damage in potted plants. C. senegalensis and F. verticillioides greatly affected egg hatching and larval survival, for instance, they caused 75 to 90% eggs hatch inhibition, unlike the 25 to 55% egg hatch inhibition for Beauveria bassiana and FOSC. Besides that, fungal treated plants 14 days before weevils, had significantly high SPAD value (P <0.0001), less than 20% rhizome damage and predictive weevil mortality R2 = 0.46. Rhizome damage was greatly reduced by C. senegalensis, followed by B. bassiana and F. verticillioides, and it is the first record to demonstrate that C. senegalensis and F. verticillioides are pathogenic to C. sordidus. In conclusion, an IPM that combines host resistance with locally available botanic extracts and effective entomogenous fungi may provide a sustainable intervention in the management of the weevil population and their damages to benefit both commercial and resource-limited farmers.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Banana weevils cause annual yield losses of 25–75%.
- Taxon
- bananae0
- Interactor
- Cosmopolites sordidus
Cosmopolites sordiduse0pest - Outcome
- banana yields are lost to Cosmopolites sordiduse0
- Value
- 25-75%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Each year 25-75% of banana yields are lost to Cosmopolites sordidus”
Claim · model-written summary
Larval feeding on banana rhizomes reduces water and nutrient uptake and plant stability.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Organ / stage
- banana rhizomese0
- Interactor
- Cosmopolites sordidusCosmopolites sordidust0pest
- Outcome
- water and nutrient uptakee0
- Qualifier
- weaken the plant stability during windy weathere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Feeding of larvae on banana rhizomes interferes with the established and emerging roots which reduce water and nutrient uptake and consequently weaken the plant stability during windy weather.”
t0“Banana weevil borer (Cosmopolites sordidus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Weevil and methyl jasmonate treatments induced higher lignin and suberin deposits and cellular modifications in Km5 than Mbwazirume.
Verbatim
e0“weevil and methyl jasmonate treatment, induced higher deposits of lignin and suberin, cellular modifications, and high total phenolic content as well as antioxidant capacity in Km5 than Mbwazirume banana cultivars.”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatments induced high total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in Km5 relative to Mbwazirume.
Verbatim
e0“weevil and methyl jasmonate treatment, induced higher deposits of lignin and suberin, cellular modifications, and high total phenolic content as well as antioxidant capacity in Km5 than Mbwazirume banana cultivars.”
Claim · model-written summary
Induced polyphenols were associated with less than 5% weevil damage in Km5, versus 11% in Mbwazirume.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Material
- Km5e0
- Interactor
- Cosmopolites sordidusCosmopolites sordidust0pest
- Compound
- polyphenolse0
- Outcome
- weevil damagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- less than 5%e0
- Qualifier
- 11% damagee0
- Comparator
- Mbwazirumee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Induced polyphenols reduced weevil damage to less than 5% in Km5 compared to 11% damage in the Mbwazirume cultivar.”
t0“Banana weevil borer (Cosmopolites sordidus)”
Claim · model-written summary
One application of 0.01% methyl jasmonate reduced Mbwazirume weevil damage by 50% against untreated control.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Material
- Mbwazirumee0
- Treatment
- onetime application of 0.01% methyl jasmonatee0
- Interactor
- Cosmopolites sordidusCosmopolites sordidust0pest
- Outcome
- weevil damagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 50%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with the onetime application of 0.01% methyl jasmonate, Mbwazirume, had 50% reduced weevil damage compared to untreated control.”
t0“Banana weevil borer (Cosmopolites sordidus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Clove extract and analogs had an egg inhibitory dose of 0.08 to 0.22%.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Treatment
- clove extracts and its synthetic analogse0
- Interactor
- Cosmopolites sordidusCosmopolites sordidust0pest
- Outcome
- egg inhibitory dose (ID50)e0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 0.08 to 0.22%e0
- Comparator
- black peppere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“clove extracts and its synthetic analogs had the lower egg inhibitory dose (ID50) of 0.08 to 0.22% than black pepper (0.24 to 0.75%)”
t0“Banana weevil borer (Cosmopolites sordidus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Black pepper had an egg inhibitory dose of 0.24 to 0.75%.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Treatment
- black peppere0
- Interactor
- Cosmopolites sordidusCosmopolites sordidust0pest
- Outcome
- egg inhibitory dose (ID50)e1
- Value
- 0.24 to 0.75%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“black pepper (0.24 to 0.75%)”
e1“egg inhibitory dose (ID50)”
t0“Banana weevil borer (Cosmopolites sordidus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Half the clove egg inhibitory dose caused 50% larval mortality.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Treatment
- half the ID50 valuee0
- Interactor
- Cosmopolites sordidusCosmopolites sordidust0pest
- Outcome
- larvae mortalitye0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“half the ID50 value caused 50% larvae mortality.”
e1“clove extracts and its synthetic analogs had the lower egg inhibitory dose (ID50)”
t0“Banana weevil borer (Cosmopolites sordidus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pepper repelled 80–98% of adult weevils within 6–48 hours.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Treatment
- peppere0
- Interactor
- Cosmopolites sordidusCosmopolites sordidust0pest
- Outcome
- adult weevilse0
- Direction
- repellede0
- Value
- 80 - 98%e0
- Qualifier
- 6 to 48 hourse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in 6 to 48 hours pepper repelled 80 - 98%, clove 78 - 90% and neem 63 - 75% adult weevils”
t0“Banana weevil borer (Cosmopolites sordidus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Clove repelled 78–90% of adult weevils within 6–48 hours.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Treatment
- clovee0
- Interactor
- Cosmopolites sordidusCosmopolites sordidust0pest
- Outcome
- adult weevilse0
- Direction
- repellede0
- Value
- 78 - 90%e0
- Qualifier
- 6 to 48 hourse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in 6 to 48 hours pepper repelled 80 - 98%, clove 78 - 90% and neem 63 - 75% adult weevils”
t0“Banana weevil borer (Cosmopolites sordidus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem repelled 63–75% of adult weevils within 6–48 hours.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Treatment
- neeme0
- Interactor
- Cosmopolites sordidusCosmopolites sordidust0pest
- Outcome
- adult weevilse0
- Direction
- repellede0
- Value
- 63 - 75%e0
- Qualifier
- 6 to 48 hourse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in 6 to 48 hours pepper repelled 80 - 98%, clove 78 - 90% and neem 63 - 75% adult weevils”
t0“Banana weevil borer (Cosmopolites sordidus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Botanical repellency significantly reduced field weevil populations.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Treatment
- peppere1
- Interactor
- Cosmopolites sordidusCosmopolites sordidust0pest
- Outcome
- field weevil populatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an effect that significantly (P =0.001) reduced field weevil population.”
e1“pepper repelled 80 - 98%, clove 78 - 90% and neem 63 - 75% adult weevils”
t0“Banana weevil borer (Cosmopolites sordidus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Curvularia senegalensis inhibited 75 to 90% of weevil egg hatch.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Treatment
- C. senegalensise0
- Interactor
- Cosmopolites sordidusCosmopolites sordidust0pest
- Second interactor
- Curvularia senegalensisCurvularia senegalensise1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- eggs hatch inhibitione0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 75 to 90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. senegalensis and F. verticillioides greatly affected egg hatching and larval survival, for instance, they caused 75 to 90% eggs hatch inhibition”
e1“Curvularia senegalensis, Fusarium verticillioides”
t0“Banana weevil borer (Cosmopolites sordidus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium verticillioides inhibited 75 to 90% of weevil egg hatch.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Treatment
- F. verticillioidese0
- Interactor
- Cosmopolites sordidusCosmopolites sordidust0pest
- Second interactor
- Fusarium verticillioides
Fusarium verticillioidese1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- eggs hatch inhibitione0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 75 to 90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. senegalensis and F. verticillioides greatly affected egg hatching and larval survival, for instance, they caused 75 to 90% eggs hatch inhibition”
e1“Curvularia senegalensis, Fusarium verticillioides”
t0“Banana weevil borer (Cosmopolites sordidus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Beauveria bassiana and FOSC inhibited 25 to 55% of weevil egg hatch.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Treatment
- Beauveria bassiana and FOSCe0
- Interactor
- Cosmopolites sordidusCosmopolites sordidust0pest
- Second interactor
- Beauveria bassiana
Beauveria bassianae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- egg hatch inhibitione0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 25 to 55%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“25 to 55% egg hatch inhibition for Beauveria bassiana and FOSC.”
t0“Banana weevil borer (Cosmopolites sordidus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal treatment 14 days before weevils increased banana SPAD values significantly.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Treatment
- fungal treated plants 14 days before weevilse0
- Interactor
- Cosmopolites sordidusCosmopolites sordidust0pest
- Outcome
- SPAD valuee0
- Direction
- highe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fungal treated plants 14 days before weevils, had significantly high SPAD value (P <0.0001)”
t0“Banana weevil borer (Cosmopolites sordidus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungus-treated plants had less than 20% rhizome damage.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Treatment
- fungal treated plants 14 days before weevilse0
- Interactor
- Cosmopolites sordidusCosmopolites sordidust0pest
- Outcome
- rhizome damagee0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- less than 20%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fungal treated plants 14 days before weevils, had significantly high SPAD value (P <0.0001), less than 20% rhizome damage”
t0“Banana weevil borer (Cosmopolites sordidus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Curvularia senegalensis reduced rhizome damage most, followed by Beauveria bassiana and Fusarium verticillioides.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Treatment
- C. senegalensise0
- Interactor
- Cosmopolites sordidusCosmopolites sordidust0pest
- Second interactor
- Curvularia senegalensisCurvularia senegalensise1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Rhizome damagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- B. bassiana and F. verticillioidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rhizome damage was greatly reduced by C. senegalensis, followed by B. bassiana and F. verticillioides”
e1“Curvularia senegalensis, Fusarium verticillioides”
t0“Banana weevil borer (Cosmopolites sordidus)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend combining host resistance, local botanical extracts, and entomogenous fungi to manage banana weevils.
- Taxon
- Bananat0
- Interactor
- Cosmopolites sordidusCosmopolites sordidust0pest
- Outcome
- IPM that combines host resistance with locally available botanic extracts and effective entomogenous fungie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an IPM that combines host resistance with locally available botanic extracts and effective entomogenous fungi may provide a sustainable intervention in the management of the weevil population and their damages”
t0“Banana weevil borer (Cosmopolites sordidus)”
The same questions in other papers
Beauveria bassiana · Cosmopolites sordidus · MusaPositive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →(-)-methyl jasmonate · quality: phytochemicals · MusaResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
(-)-methyl jasmonate · Cosmopolites sordidus · MusaResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Fusarium oxysporum · Cosmopolites sordidus · MusaResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
(-)-methyl jasmonate · molecular: metabolites · MusaResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
botanical · Cosmopolites sordidus · MusaPositive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.