Abstract
Abstract Background Iron (Fe) is an essential plant nutrient. Its deficiency is a major constraint in crop production systems, affecting crop yield and quality. It is therefore important to elucidate the responses and adaptive mechanisms underlying Fe-deficiency symptoms in alfalfa. Materials and methods The experiment was carried out on 12-day-old alfalfa plants grown in hydroponics under Fe-sufficient and Fe-deficient conditions. Results The Fe-starved alfalfa showed decreased plant biomass, chlorophyll score, PSII efficiency, and photosynthesis performance index in young leaves under low Fe. Further, Fe shortage reduced the Fe, Zn, S and Ca concentration in root and shoot of alfalfa accompanied by the marked decrease of MsIRT1 , MsZIP , MsSULTR1;1 , MsSULTR1;2 and MsSULTR1;3 transcripts in root and shoot. It indicates that retardation caused by Fe-deficiency was also associated with the status of other elements, especially the reduced Fe and S may be coordinately attributed to the photosynthetic damages in Fe-deficient alfalfa. The ferric chelate reductase activity accompanied by the expression of MsFRO1 in roots showed no substantial changes, indicating the possible involvement of this Strategy I response in Fe-deficient alfalfa. However, the proton extrusion and expression of MsHAI1 were significantly induced following Fe-deficiency. In silico analysis further suggested their subcellular localization in the plasma membrane. Also, the interactome map suggested the partnership of MsFRO1 with plasma membrane H + -ATPase, transcription factor bHLH47 , and nitrate reductase genes, while MsHAI1 partners include ferric reductase-like transmembrane component, plasma membrane ATPase, vacuolar-type H-pyrophosphatase, and general regulatory factor 2. In this study, SOD and APX enzymes showed a substantial increase in roots but unable to restore the oxidative damages in Fe-starved alfalfa. Conclusion These findings promote further studies for the improvement of Fe-starved alfalfa or legumes through breeding or transgenic approaches. Graphic Abstract
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Fe deficiency decreased plant biomass and chlorophyll score in alfalfa
- Taxon
- alfalfa
Medicago sativat0 - Treatment
- low Fee2
- Outcome
- plant biomass, chlorophyll scoree2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Comparator
- Fe-sufficiente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and physiological impairments in Fe-starved alfalfa are associated with the downregulation of Fe and S transporters along with redox imbalance”
e1“The experiment was carried out on 12-day-old alfalfa plants grown in hydroponics under Fe-sufficient and Fe-deficient conditions”
e2“The Fe-starved alfalfa showed decreased plant biomass, chlorophyll score, PSII efficiency, and photosynthesis performance index in young leaves under low Fe”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe deficiency decreased PSII efficiency and photosynthesis performance index in young leaves
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Organ / stage
- young leavese2
- Treatment
- low Fee2
- Outcome
- PSII efficiency, and photosynthesis performance indexe2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Comparator
- Fe-sufficiente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and physiological impairments in Fe-starved alfalfa are associated with the downregulation of Fe and S transporters along with redox imbalance”
e1“The experiment was carried out on 12-day-old alfalfa plants grown in hydroponics under Fe-sufficient and Fe-deficient conditions”
e2“The Fe-starved alfalfa showed decreased plant biomass, chlorophyll score, PSII efficiency, and photosynthesis performance index in young leaves under low Fe”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe shortage reduced Fe, Zn, S and Ca concentrations in root and shoot of alfalfa
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Organ / stage
- root and shoote3
- Treatment
- Fe shortagee3
- Outcome
- Fe, Zn, S and Ca concentratione3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Comparator
- Fe-sufficiente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and physiological impairments in Fe-starved alfalfa are associated with the downregulation of Fe and S transporters along with redox imbalance”
e1“The experiment was carried out on 12-day-old alfalfa plants grown in hydroponics under Fe-sufficient and Fe-deficient conditions”
e3“Fe shortage reduced the Fe, Zn, S and Ca concentration in root and shoot of alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
MsIRT1, MsZIP and MsSULTR1;1 transcripts decreased in root and shoot of Fe-starved alfalfa
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Organ / stage
- root and shoote4
- Gene
- MsIRT1, MsZIP, MsSULTR1;1e4
- Outcome
- transcriptse4
- Direction
- decreasee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and physiological impairments in Fe-starved alfalfa are associated with the downregulation of Fe and S transporters along with redox imbalance”
e4“the marked decrease of MsIRT1 , MsZIP , MsSULTR1;1 , MsSULTR1;2 and MsSULTR1;3 transcripts in root and shoot”
Claim · model-written summary
MsSULTR1;2 and MsSULTR1;3 transcripts decreased in root and shoot of Fe-starved alfalfa
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Organ / stage
- root and shoote4
- Gene
- MsSULTR1;2 and MsSULTR1;3e4
- Outcome
- transcriptse4
- Direction
- decreasee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and physiological impairments in Fe-starved alfalfa are associated with the downregulation of Fe and S transporters along with redox imbalance”
e4“the marked decrease of MsIRT1 , MsZIP , MsSULTR1;1 , MsSULTR1;2 and MsSULTR1;3 transcripts in root and shoot”
Claim · model-written summary
Ferric chelate reductase activity showed no substantial change in Fe-deficient alfalfa roots
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse5
- Gene
- MsFRO1e5
- Outcome
- ferric chelate reductase activitye5
- Direction
- no substantial changese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and physiological impairments in Fe-starved alfalfa are associated with the downregulation of Fe and S transporters along with redox imbalance”
e5“The ferric chelate reductase activity accompanied by the expression of MsFRO1 in roots showed no substantial changes”
Claim · model-written summary
Proton extrusion and MsHAI1 expression were significantly induced by Fe deficiency
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Fe-deficiencye6
- Gene
- MsHAI1e6
- Outcome
- proton extrusione6
- Direction
- significantly inducede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and physiological impairments in Fe-starved alfalfa are associated with the downregulation of Fe and S transporters along with redox imbalance”
e6“the proton extrusion and expression of MsHAI1 were significantly induced following Fe-deficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
SOD and APX enzymes showed a substantial increase in roots of Fe-starved alfalfa
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse7
- Gene
- SOD and APXe7
- Outcome
- substantial increasee7
- Direction
- increasee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and physiological impairments in Fe-starved alfalfa are associated with the downregulation of Fe and S transporters along with redox imbalance”
e7“SOD and APX enzymes showed a substantial increase in roots but unable to restore the oxidative damages in Fe-starved alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
SOD and APX could not restore oxidative damage in Fe-starved alfalfa
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Gene
- SOD and APXe7
- Outcome
- oxidative damages in Fe-starved alfalfae7
- Direction
- unable to restoree7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and physiological impairments in Fe-starved alfalfa are associated with the downregulation of Fe and S transporters along with redox imbalance”
e7“SOD and APX enzymes showed a substantial increase in roots but unable to restore the oxidative damages in Fe-starved alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
The interactome map suggests MsFRO1 partners with plasma membrane H+-ATPase, transcription factor bHLH47 and nitrate reductase genes
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Gene
- MsFRO1e0
- Outcome
- partnershipe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and physiological impairments in Fe-starved alfalfa are associated with the downregulation of Fe and S transporters along with redox imbalance”
e0“the interactome map suggested the partnership of MsFRO1 with plasma membrane H + -ATPase, transcription factor bHLH47 , and nitrate reductase genes”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.