Abstract
Phytotoxic chemicals produced by alien invasive plants exert inhibitory effects on native species to facilitate their invasiveness. The allelopathic process of invaders has been hypothesized as the “Novel Weapon Hypothesis”. However, this hypothesis has been controversial for decades due to lack of molecular evidence, and the underlying mechanism of allelopathy still remains ambiguous. Herein, we explore the allelopathic mechanisms of Eupatorium adenophorum, a world-widely spread noxious weed, by the methods of laboratory bioassay and metabolomics analyses in the recipient plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. The bioassay revealed significant phytotoxicity of E. adenophorum extracts. A total of 234 metabolites in A. thaliana were detected by Gas Chromatographic−Mass Spectrometric analysis. There were 48, 99 and 94 impacted metabolites in A. thaliana treated by 50, 25 and 12.5% aqueous extracts compared to control. When mapping all the impacted metabolites to the biological pathways in the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) database, we found mineral absorption, ABC transporters, amino acid biosynthesis, metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites were mainly impacted. Synthesized with partial least-squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) results of metabolic profiles in A. thaliana, we found that citrate cycle was suppressed, metabolism of amino acids was disordered and phosphate absorption was inhibited. Subsequent investigation demonstrated that the phosphorus content in A. thaliana tissues exposed in allelopathic extracts was much lower, indicating inhibition of phosphate uptake. Our study revealed by metabolomics approaches that E. adenophorum is an allelopathic species.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Eupatorium adenophorum extracts were significantly phytotoxic in the bioassay.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae1 - Treatment
- E. adenophorum extractse0
- Interactor
- E. adenophorume0other
- Outcome
- significant phytotoxicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The bioassay revealed significant phytotoxicity of E. adenophorum extracts.”
e1“in the recipient plant, Arabidopsis thaliana.”
Claim · model-written summary
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry detected 234 metabolites in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Outcome
- metabolites in A. thalianae0
- Value
- 234 metabolitese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A total of 234 metabolites in A. thaliana were detected by Gas Chromatographic−Mass Spectrometric analysis.”
e1“recipient plant, Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The 50% extract affected 48 metabolites relative to control.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- 50e0
- Interactor
- A. thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0other
- Outcome
- impacted metabolites in A. thalianae0
- Value
- 48e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were 48, 99 and 94 impacted metabolites in A. thaliana treated by 50, 25 and 12.5% aqueous extracts compared to control.”
e1“recipient plant, Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The 25% extract affected 99 metabolites relative to control.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- 25e0
- Outcome
- impacted metabolites in A. thalianae0
- Value
- 99e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were 48, 99 and 94 impacted metabolites in A. thaliana treated by 50, 25 and 12.5% aqueous extracts compared to control.”
e1“recipient plant, Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The 12.5% extract affected 94 metabolites relative to control.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- 12.5% aqueous extractse0
- Outcome
- impacted metabolites in A. thalianae0
- Value
- 94e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were 48, 99 and 94 impacted metabolites in A. thaliana treated by 50, 25 and 12.5% aqueous extracts compared to control.”
e1“recipient plant, Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Extract exposure mainly impacted mineral absorption, ABC transporters, amino acid biosynthesis, metabolic pathways and secondary metabolite biosynthesis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Outcome
- mineral absorption, ABC transporters, amino acid biosynthesis, metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolitese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mineral absorption, ABC transporters, amino acid biosynthesis, metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites were mainly impacted.”
e1“recipient plant, Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Extract exposure suppressed the citrate cycle.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- aqueous extractse2
- Outcome
- citrate cyclee0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“citrate cycle was suppressed, metabolism of amino acids was disordered and phosphate absorption was inhibited.”
e1“recipient plant, Arabidopsis thaliana”
e2“A. thaliana treated by 50, 25 and 12.5% aqueous extracts compared to control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Extract exposure disordered amino acid metabolism.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- aqueous extractse2
- Outcome
- metabolism of amino acidse0
- Comparator
- controle2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“metabolism of amino acids was disordered”
e1“recipient plant, Arabidopsis thaliana”
e2“aqueous extracts compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Extract exposure inhibited phosphate absorption.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- aqueous extractse2
- Outcome
- phosphate absorptione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phosphate absorption was inhibited”
e1“recipient plant, Arabidopsis thaliana”
e2“aqueous extracts compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus content was much lower in exposed Arabidopsis tissues.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Organ / stage
- tissuese0
- Treatment
- allelopathic extractse0
- Outcome
- phosphorus contente0
- Direction
- much lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the phosphorus content in A. thaliana tissues exposed in allelopathic extracts was much lower”
e1“recipient plant, Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify Eupatorium adenophorum as allelopathic.
Verbatim
e0“E. adenophorum is an allelopathic species.”
e1“Eupatorium adenophorum, a world-widely spread noxious weed”
The same questions in other papers
allelopathy · nutrient: content · Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
botanical · molecular: metabolites · Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
botanical · nutrient: content · Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.