Abstract
Aims To analyse effects and mechanisms of plant growth promotion mediated by Bacillus mycoides strain A3 (BmA3), in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Methods and Results Bacillus mycoides strain A3 (BmA3) isolated from the bamboo rhizosphere produced phytohormones, including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA), and exhibited phosphate solubilization and radical scavenging activities. A. thaliana seedlings inoculated with BmA3 exhibited an altered root architecture including an increased number of lateral roots and root hairs. Likewise, enhanced photosynthetic efficiency through the accumulation of higher levels of chlorophyll and starch, and increased plant size and fresh weight were observed in the BmA3-treated seedlings. This bacterial inoculation stimulated the antioxidant defence system by increasing the activities of catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). Secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids and glucosinolates, were induced to higher levels in the BmA3-treated plants. Under drought and heat stresses, lower levels of H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage were noticed in the treated seedlings. Genes involved in the signalling pathway of jasmonic acid (JA) including MYC2 and lipoxygenase 1 (LOX1) and salicylic acid (SA) including SAR DEFICIENT 1 (SARD1) and CAM-BINDING PROTEIN 60-LIKE G (CBP60G), and the antioxidant defence system including Ascorbate peroxidase (AtAPX) and alternative oxidase (AOX) were upregulated in BmA3-treated plants. Moreover, pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR-1) and PR-2, marker genes for disease resistance, as well as DREB2A and HsFA2, which function in abiotic stress regulation, were also upregulated. Conclusions BmA3 was able to activate JA and SA signalling pathways to induce plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance in A. thaliana seedlings. Significance and Impact of Study The plant growth promotion and increased stress tolerance induced by BmA3 were the result of the combined effects of microbial metabolites and activated host plant responses, including phytohormone signalling pathways and antioxidant defence systems.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
BmA3-inoculated Arabidopsis seedlings had an increased number of lateral roots and root hairs.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Treatment
- inoculated with BmA3e1
- Interactor
- BmA3e0symbiont
- Outcome
- number of lateral roots and root hairse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus mycoides strain A3 (BmA3), in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings”
e1“A. thaliana seedlings inoculated with BmA3 exhibited an altered root architecture including an increased number of lateral roots and root hairs”
Claim · model-written summary
BmA3-treated Arabidopsis seedlings showed enhanced photosynthetic efficiency.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- BmA3e2
- Interactor
- BmA3e0symbiont
- Outcome
- photosynthetic efficiencye2
- Direction
- enhancede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus mycoides strain A3 (BmA3), in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings”
e2“enhanced photosynthetic efficiency through the accumulation of higher levels of chlorophyll and starch, and increased plant size and fresh weight were observed in the BmA3-treated seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
BmA3-treated Arabidopsis seedlings accumulated higher levels of chlorophyll and starch.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- BmA3e2
- Interactor
- BmA3e0symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll and starche2
- Direction
- highere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus mycoides strain A3 (BmA3), in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings”
e2“enhanced photosynthetic efficiency through the accumulation of higher levels of chlorophyll and starch, and increased plant size and fresh weight were observed in the BmA3-treated seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
BmA3-treated Arabidopsis seedlings showed increased plant size and fresh weight.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- BmA3e2
- Interactor
- BmA3e0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant size and fresh weighte2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus mycoides strain A3 (BmA3), in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings”
e2“enhanced photosynthetic efficiency through the accumulation of higher levels of chlorophyll and starch, and increased plant size and fresh weight were observed in the BmA3-treated seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculation increased the activities of catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- bacterial inoculatione3
- Interactor
- BmA3e0symbiont
- Gene
- catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e3
- Outcome
- activitiese3
- Direction
- increasinge3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus mycoides strain A3 (BmA3), in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings”
e3“This bacterial inoculation stimulated the antioxidant defence system by increasing the activities of catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculation increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- bacterial inoculatione3
- Interactor
- BmA3e0symbiont
- Gene
- phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)e3
- Outcome
- activitiese3
- Direction
- increasinge3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus mycoides strain A3 (BmA3), in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings”
e3“This bacterial inoculation stimulated the antioxidant defence system by increasing the activities of catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)”
Claim · model-written summary
BmA3-treated plants had higher levels of secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids and glucosinolates.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- BmA3e4
- Interactor
- BmA3e0symbiont
- Outcome
- Secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids and glucosinolatese4
- Direction
- highere4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus mycoides strain A3 (BmA3), in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings”
e4“Secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids and glucosinolates, were induced to higher levels in the BmA3-treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drought and heat stress, BmA3-treated seedlings had lower H2O2, malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- drought and heat stressese5
- Interactor
- BmA3e0symbiont
- Outcome
- H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakagee5
- Direction
- lowere5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus mycoides strain A3 (BmA3), in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings”
e5“Under drought and heat stresses, lower levels of H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage were noticed in the treated seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
BmA3 upregulated the jasmonic acid signalling genes MYC2 and LOX1 in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- BmA3e7
- Interactor
- BmA3e0symbiont
- Gene
- MYC2 and lipoxygenase 1 (LOX1)e6
- Outcome
- Genes involved in the signalling pathway of jasmonic acid (JA)e6
- Direction
- upregulatede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus mycoides strain A3 (BmA3), in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings”
e6“Genes involved in the signalling pathway of jasmonic acid (JA) including MYC2 and lipoxygenase 1 (LOX1)”
e7“upregulated in BmA3-treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
BmA3 upregulated the salicylic acid signalling genes SARD1 and CBP60G in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- BmA3e7
- Interactor
- BmA3e0symbiont
- Gene
- SAR DEFICIENT 1 (SARD1) and CAM-BINDING PROTEIN 60-LIKE G (CBP60G)e1
- Outcome
- Genes involved in the signalling pathwaye2
- Direction
- upregulatede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus mycoides strain A3 (BmA3), in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings”
e1“salicylic acid (SA) including SAR DEFICIENT 1 (SARD1) and CAM-BINDING PROTEIN 60-LIKE G (CBP60G)”
e2“Genes involved in the signalling pathway”
e7“upregulated in BmA3-treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
BmA3 upregulated the antioxidant defence genes AtAPX and AOX in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- BmA3e7
- Interactor
- BmA3e0symbiont
- Gene
- Ascorbate peroxidase (AtAPX) and alternative oxidase (AOX)e1
- Outcome
- antioxidant defence systeme1
- Direction
- upregulatede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus mycoides strain A3 (BmA3), in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings”
e1“the antioxidant defence system including Ascorbate peroxidase (AtAPX) and alternative oxidase (AOX)”
e7“upregulated in BmA3-treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
BmA3 upregulated the disease-resistance marker genes PR-1 and PR-2 in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- BmA3e7
- Interactor
- BmA3e0symbiont
- Gene
- pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR-1) and PR-2e1
- Outcome
- marker genes for disease resistancee1
- Direction
- upregulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus mycoides strain A3 (BmA3), in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings”
e1“Moreover, pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR-1) and PR-2, marker genes for disease resistance, as well as DREB2A and HsFA2, which function in abiotic stress regulation, were also upregulated”
e7“upregulated in BmA3-treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
BmA3 upregulated the abiotic stress regulators DREB2A and HsFA2 in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- BmA3e7
- Interactor
- BmA3e0symbiont
- Gene
- DREB2A and HsFA2e1
- Outcome
- abiotic stress regulatione1
- Direction
- upregulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus mycoides strain A3 (BmA3), in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings”
e1“Moreover, pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR-1) and PR-2, marker genes for disease resistance, as well as DREB2A and HsFA2, which function in abiotic stress regulation, were also upregulated”
e7“upregulated in BmA3-treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus mycoides strain A3 produced phytohormones, including indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellic acid.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Interactor
- BmA3e1symbiont
- Outcome
- phytohormones, including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus mycoides strain A3 (BmA3), in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings”
e1“Bacillus mycoides strain A3 (BmA3) isolated from the bamboo rhizosphere produced phytohormones, including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA), and exhibited phosphate solubilization and radical scavenging activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus mycoides strain A3 showed phosphate solubilization and radical scavenging activities.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Interactor
- BmA3e1symbiont
- Outcome
- phosphate solubilization and radical scavenging activitiese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus mycoides strain A3 (BmA3), in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings”
e1“Bacillus mycoides strain A3 (BmA3) isolated from the bamboo rhizosphere produced phytohormones, including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA), and exhibited phosphate solubilization and radical scavenging activities”
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