Abstract
The apical hook is indispensable for protecting the delicate shoot apical meristem while dicot seedlings emerge from soil after germination in darkness. The development of the apical hook is co-ordinately regulated by multiple phytohormones and environmental factors. Yet, a holistic understanding of the spatial-temporal interactions between different phytohormones and environmental factors remains to be achieved. Using a chemical genetic approach, we identified kinetin riboside, as a proxy of kinetin, which promotes apical hook development of Arabidopsis thaliana in a partially ethylene-signaling-independent pathway. Further genetic and biochemical analysis revealed that cytokinin is able to regulate apical hook development via post-transcriptional regulation of the PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs), together with its canonical roles in inducing ethylene biosynthesis. Dynamic observations of apical hook development processes showed that ETHYLENE INSENSITVE3 (EIN3) and EIN3-LIKE1 (EIL1) are necessary for the exaggeration of hook curvature in response to cytokinin, while PIFs are crucial for the cytokinin-induced maintenance of hook curvature in darkness. Furthermore, these two families of transcription factors display divergent roles in light-triggered hook opening. Our findings reveal that cytokinin integrates ethylene signaling and light signaling via EIN3/EIL1 and PIFs, respectively, to dynamically regulate apical hook development during early seedling development.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Kinetin riboside promotes Arabidopsis apical hook development through a partly ethylene independent route.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Treatment
- kinetin ribosidee0
- Outcome
- apical hook developmente0
- Direction
- promotese0
- Qualifier
- partially ethylene-signaling-independent pathwaye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kinetin riboside, as a proxy of kinetin, which promotes apical hook development of Arabidopsis thaliana in a partially ethylene-signaling-independent pathway”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytokinin regulates hook development through post transcriptional regulation of PIFs.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs)e0
- Outcome
- apical hook developmente0
- Qualifier
- post-transcriptional regulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cytokinin is able to regulate apical hook development via post-transcriptional regulation of the PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs)”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytokinin also induces ethylene biosynthesis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Cytokinint1
- Outcome
- ethylene biosynthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“its canonical roles in inducing ethylene biosynthesis”
t0“Arabidopsis”
t1“Cytokinin”
Claim · model-written summary
EIN3 and EIL1 are necessary for increased hook curvature after cytokinin.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- cytokinine0
- Gene
- ETHYLENE INSENSITVE3 (EIN3) and EIN3-LIKE1 (EIL1)e0
- Outcome
- exaggeration of hook curvaturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ETHYLENE INSENSITVE3 (EIN3) and EIN3-LIKE1 (EIL1) are necessary for the exaggeration of hook curvature in response to cytokinin”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
PIFs are required to maintain cytokinin induced hook curvature in darkness.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- cytokinine0
- Gene
- PIFse0
- Outcome
- maintenance of hook curvaturee0
- Qualifier
- in darknesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PIFs are crucial for the cytokinin-induced maintenance of hook curvature in darkness”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
EIN3 EIL1 and PIF families have divergent roles in light triggered hook opening.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- EIN3/EIL1 and PIFt1
- Outcome
- divergent roles in light-triggered hook openinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these two families of transcription factors display divergent roles in light-triggered hook opening”
t0“Arabidopsis”
t1“EIN3/EIL1 and PIF”
The same questions in other papers
kinetin · growth · Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
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