Abstract
Calcium chloride (CaCl2) has been widely used to maintain the quality of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables because it stabilizes and strengthens the membrane system against fungal attacks. It is mainly applied via spray coating and dip coating techniques. This study explored a method of incorporating calcium chloride extracted from eggshells in a packaging material, thermoplastic starch (TPS), via a hot-melt extrusion process. The composites were characterized by FTIR, DSC, SEM-EDX and tensile testing. FTIR confirmed the chemical reactions between CaCl2 and TPS. DSC results showed a significant decrease in the heat of fusion by adding 20 wt% of CaCl2 content in TPS, indicating a drop in the degree of crystallinity. The Young’s modulus of TPS was not significantly affected by the incorporation of 10 wt% CaCl2 (P = 0.968), but reduced notably with the addition of 20 wt% CaCl2 (P = 0.05), indicating the plasticizer effect of the CaCl2. Physiochemical analysis of fresh-cut apple slices was assessed. Samples placed on the surface of the TPS/CaCl2 composites displayed less pH reduction, reduced antioxidant activity, more weight loss and increased reducing sugar compared to the samples placed on the surface of virgin TPS films. CaCl2 released from the TPS/CaCl2 films was measured and their antimicrobial activity was confirmed by bacterial inhibitory growth assessment. Fungal growth was observed on apple slices placed on virgin TPS film by day 21 while apple slices placed on TPS/CaCl2 20 wt% composites did not support any fungal growth for 28 days. In summary, TPS and eggshell-extracted CaCl2 showed the ability to maintain the quality of fresh-cut apples, and TPS/CaCl2 10 wt% composite could be a good option as a packaging material for fresh-cut fruits due to active antimicrobial activity and maintained Young’s modulus.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Incorporating 10 wt% CaCl2 did not significantly change the Young’s modulus of TPS.
- Treatment
- incorporation of 10 wt% CaCl2e1
- Outcome
- Young’s moduluse1
- Direction
- not significantly affectede1
- Value
- P = 0.968e1
- Comparator
- TPSe1
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e1“The Young’s modulus of TPS was not significantly affected by the incorporation of 10 wt% CaCl2 (P = 0.968), but reduced notably with the addition of 20 wt% CaCl2 (P = 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding 20 wt% CaCl2 significantly reduced the Young’s modulus of TPS.
- Treatment
- addition of 20 wt% CaCl2e1
- Outcome
- Young’s moduluse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- P = 0.05e1
- Comparator
- TPSe1
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e1“The Young’s modulus of TPS was not significantly affected by the incorporation of 10 wt% CaCl2 (P = 0.968), but reduced notably with the addition of 20 wt% CaCl2 (P = 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding 20 wt% CaCl2 to TPS significantly decreased the heat of fusion, indicating lower crystallinity.
- Treatment
- adding 20 wt% of CaCl2 content in TPSe7
- Outcome
- heat of fusione7
- Direction
- decreasee7
- Qualifier
- indicating a drop in the degree of crystallinitye7
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e7“DSC results showed a significant decrease in the heat of fusion by adding 20 wt% of CaCl2 content in TPS, indicating a drop in the degree of crystallinity”
Claim · model-written summary
FTIR confirmed chemical reactions between CaCl2 and TPS.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e5“FTIR confirmed the chemical reactions between CaCl2 and TPS”
Claim · model-written summary
The CaCl2 released from the films showed antimicrobial activity in bacterial inhibitory growth assessment.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e6“their antimicrobial activity was confirmed by bacterial inhibitory growth assessment”
Claim · model-written summary
TPS/CaCl2 composites displayed less pH reduction in fresh-cut apple slices than virgin TPS films.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae2 - Treatment
- TPS/CaCl2 compositese3
- Outcome
- pH reductione3
- Direction
- lesse3
- Comparator
- virgin TPS filmse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Physiochemical analysis of fresh-cut apple slices was assessed”
e3“Samples placed on the surface of the TPS/CaCl2 composites displayed less pH reduction, reduced antioxidant activity, more weight loss and increased reducing sugar compared to the samples placed on the surface of virgin TPS films”
Claim · model-written summary
TPS/CaCl2 composites reduced antioxidant activity of fresh-cut apple slices relative to virgin TPS films.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae2
- Treatment
- TPS/CaCl2 compositese3
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Comparator
- virgin TPS filmse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Physiochemical analysis of fresh-cut apple slices was assessed”
e3“Samples placed on the surface of the TPS/CaCl2 composites displayed less pH reduction, reduced antioxidant activity, more weight loss and increased reducing sugar compared to the samples placed on the surface of virgin TPS films”
Claim · model-written summary
TPS/CaCl2 composites increased weight loss of fresh-cut apple slices relative to virgin TPS films.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae2
- Treatment
- TPS/CaCl2 compositese3
- Outcome
- weight losse3
- Direction
- moree3
- Comparator
- virgin TPS filmse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Physiochemical analysis of fresh-cut apple slices was assessed”
e3“Samples placed on the surface of the TPS/CaCl2 composites displayed less pH reduction, reduced antioxidant activity, more weight loss and increased reducing sugar compared to the samples placed on the surface of virgin TPS films”
Claim · model-written summary
TPS/CaCl2 composites increased reducing sugar of fresh-cut apple slices relative to virgin TPS films.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae2
- Treatment
- TPS/CaCl2 compositese3
- Outcome
- reducing sugare3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Comparator
- virgin TPS filmse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Physiochemical analysis of fresh-cut apple slices was assessed”
e3“Samples placed on the surface of the TPS/CaCl2 composites displayed less pH reduction, reduced antioxidant activity, more weight loss and increased reducing sugar compared to the samples placed on the surface of virgin TPS films”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal growth was observed on fresh-cut apple slices on virgin TPS film by day 21.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae4
- Treatment
- virgin TPS filme4
- Outcome
- Fungal growthe4
- Value
- day 21e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Fungal growth was observed on apple slices placed on virgin TPS film by day 21 while apple slices placed on TPS/CaCl2 20 wt% composites did not support any fungal growth for 28 days”
Claim · model-written summary
TPS/CaCl2 20 wt% composites did not support fungal growth on apple slices for 28 days, unlike virgin TPS film.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae4
- Treatment
- TPS/CaCl2 20 wt% compositese4
- Outcome
- fungal growthe4
- Direction
- did not supporte4
- Value
- 28 dayse4
- Comparator
- virgin TPS filme4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Fungal growth was observed on apple slices placed on virgin TPS film by day 21 while apple slices placed on TPS/CaCl2 20 wt% composites did not support any fungal growth for 28 days”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend the TPS/CaCl2 10 wt% composite as a packaging material for fresh-cut fruits.
Verbatim
e0“TPS/CaCl2 10 wt% composite could be a good option as a packaging material for fresh-cut fruits”
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3 in the opposite direction
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.