Abstract
Abstract The response of “Jonathan” apple trees (Malus domestica, Borkh.) grafted on EMLA 111 to frequent application of calcium chloride (CaCl2) was studied at Topeka, Emporia, and Conway Springs, Kansas, orchards in 2002. Trees were sprayed one to eight times with foliar applications of calcium chloride at the rate of 8.971 kg ha−1. First spray was made when fruits were 1.4, 0.9, and 1.6 cm diameter at Topeka, Emporia, and Conway Springs, respectively. More than six applications of CaCl2 improved fruit quality at harvest. Improvement included an increase in fruit weight, size, appearance, skin redness, and reduction of scald incidents. Although CaCl2 applications had no effect on percent of soluble solids, the ratio of soluble solid content to titratable acidity was increased by frequent CaCl2 application. Fruit skin redness was the most improved quality of “Jonathan” apple as the result of CaCl2 applications. No symptoms of fruit russetting or leaf scalding resulting from frequent CaCl2 application were observed. Increase in fruit quality was attributed to a linear increase in Ca concentrations in fruit and leaf tissues. Increase in Ca concentrations in fruit and leaf tissues of treated trees coincided with increases in potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N) concentrations compared with untreated control trees. Potassium, Mg, P, and N were correlated with fruit quality as much as, or in some cases more than, Ca. This information suggests that changes in mineral balance with CaCl2 applications contributed to improvement of fruit quality and is evidence that frequent Ca application improved “Jonathan” apple quality in Kansas.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
More than six CaCl2 applications improved apple fruit quality at harvest.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Material
- “Jonathan”t0
- Treatment
- More than six applications of CaCl2e0
- Outcome
- fruit quality at harveste0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“More than six applications of CaCl2 improved fruit quality at harvest”
t0““Jonathan” Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl2 treatment increased fruit weight and size.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- CaCl2 applicationse1
- Outcome
- fruit weight, sizee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Improvement included an increase in fruit weight, size, appearance, skin redness, and reduction of scald incidents”
e1“CaCl2 applications had no effect”
t0““Jonathan” Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl2 treatment increased apple appearance and skin redness.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- CaCl2 applicationse1
- Outcome
- appearance, skin rednesse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Improvement included an increase in fruit weight, size, appearance, skin redness, and reduction of scald incidents”
e1“CaCl2 applications had no effect”
t0““Jonathan” Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl2 treatment reduced scald incidents in apple fruit.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- CaCl2 applicationse1
- Outcome
- scald incidentse0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduction of scald incidents”
e1“CaCl2 applications had no effect”
t0““Jonathan” Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl2 applications had no effect on apple soluble solids percentage.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- CaCl2 applicationse0
- Outcome
- percent of soluble solidse0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CaCl2 applications had no effect on percent of soluble solids”
t0““Jonathan” Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Frequent CaCl2 application increased the soluble solids to titratable acidity ratio.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- frequent CaCl2 applicatione0
- Outcome
- ratio of soluble solid content to titratable aciditye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ratio of soluble solid content to titratable acidity was increased by frequent CaCl2 application”
t0““Jonathan” Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Skin redness was the most improved Jonathan apple quality trait following CaCl2 applications.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- “Jonathan”e0
- Treatment
- CaCl2 applicationse0
- Outcome
- Fruit skin rednesse0
- Direction
- most improvede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit skin redness was the most improved quality of “Jonathan” apple as the result of CaCl2 applications”
Claim · model-written summary
Frequent CaCl2 application caused no observed fruit russetting or leaf scalding.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- frequent CaCl2 applicatione0
- Outcome
- No symptoms of fruit russetting or leaf scaldinge0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No symptoms of fruit russetting or leaf scalding resulting from frequent CaCl2 application were observed”
t0““Jonathan” Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Ca concentrations rose linearly in fruit and leaf tissues of treated apple trees.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- CaCl2 applicationse1
- Outcome
- Ca concentrations in fruit and leaf tissuese0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“linear increase in Ca concentrations in fruit and leaf tissues”
e1“CaCl2 applications had no effect”
t0““Jonathan” Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium, magnesium, phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations rose in treated apple trees relative to controls.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- CaCl2 applicationse1
- Outcome
- potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N) concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Comparator
- untreated control treese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases in potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N) concentrations compared with untreated control trees”
e1“CaCl2 applications had no effect”
t0““Jonathan” Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium, magnesium, phosphorus and nitrogen were correlated with apple fruit quality at least as strongly as calcium.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Compound
- Potassium, Mg, P, and Ne0
- Outcome
- fruit qualitye0
- Comparator
- Cae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium, Mg, P, and N were correlated with fruit quality as much as, or in some cases more than, Ca”
t0““Jonathan” Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute apple fruit-quality improvement to increased fruit and leaf Ca concentrations.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Compound
- Cae0
- Outcome
- Increase in fruit qualitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increase in fruit quality was attributed to a linear increase in Ca concentrations in fruit and leaf tissues”
t0““Jonathan” Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that changed mineral balance after CaCl2 applications contributed to improved fruit quality.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- CaCl2 applicationse0
- Outcome
- improvement of fruit qualitye0
- Qualifier
- changes in mineral balancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“changes in mineral balance with CaCl2 applications contributed to improvement of fruit quality”
t0““Jonathan” Apple”
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