Abstract
BACKGROUND: Kernel development and starch formation are the primary determinants of maize yield and quality, which are considerably influenced by drought stress. To clarify the response of maize kernel to drought stress, we established well-watered (WW) and water-stressed (WS) conditions at 1-30 days after pollination (dap) on waxy maize (Zea mays L. sinensis Kulesh). RESULTS: Kernel development, starch accumulation, and activities of starch biosynthetic enzymes were significantly reduced by drought stress. The morphology of starch granules changed, whereas the grain filling rate was accelerated. A comparative proteomics approach was applied to analyze the proteome change in kernels under two treatments at 10 dap and 25 dap. Under the WS conditions, 487 and 465 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) were identified at 10 dap and 25 dap, respectively. Drought induced the downregulation of proteins involved in the oxidation-reduction process and oxidoreductase, peroxidase, catalase, glutamine synthetase, abscisic acid stress ripening 1, and lipoxygenase, which might be an important reason for the effect of drought stress on kernel development. Notably, several proteins involved in waxy maize endosperm and starch biosynthesis were upregulated at early-kernel stage under WS conditions, which might have accelerated endosperm development and starch synthesis. Additionally, 17 and 11 common DAPs were sustained in the upregulated and downregulated DAP groups, respectively, at 10 dap and 25 dap. Among these 28 proteins, four maize homologs (i.e., A0A1D6H543, B4FTP0, B6SLJ0, and A0A1D6H5J5) were considered as candidate proteins that affected kernel development and drought stress response by comparing with the rice genome. CONCLUSIONS: The proteomic changes caused by drought were highly correlated with kernel development and starch accumulation, which were closely related to the final yield and quality of waxy maize. Our results provided a foundation for the enhanced understanding of kernel development and starch formation in response to drought stress in waxy maize.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Drought significantly reduced kernel development.
- Taxon
- waxy maizet0
- Organ / stage
- Kernele0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- Kernel developmente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Kernel development, starch accumulation, and activities of starch biosynthetic enzymes were significantly reduced by drought stress.”
t0“waxy maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought significantly reduced starch accumulation.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Kernel development, starch accumulation, and activities of starch biosynthetic enzymes were significantly reduced by drought stress.”
t0“waxy maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought significantly reduced starch biosynthetic enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- waxy maizet0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- activities of starch biosynthetic enzymese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Kernel development, starch accumulation, and activities of starch biosynthetic enzymes were significantly reduced by drought stress.”
t0“waxy maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought changed starch granule morphology.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Kernel development, starch accumulation, and activities of starch biosynthetic enzymes were significantly reduced by drought stress. The morphology of starch granules changed, whereas the grain filling rate was accelerated.”
t0“waxy maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought accelerated grain filling rate.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Kernel development, starch accumulation, and activities of starch biosynthetic enzymes were significantly reduced by drought stress. The morphology of starch granules changed, whereas the grain filling rate was accelerated.”
t0“waxy maize”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10 days after pollination, water stress yielded 487 differentially accumulated proteins.
Verbatim
e0“Under the WS conditions, 487 and 465 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) were identified at 10 dap and 25 dap, respectively.”
t0“waxy maize”
Claim · model-written summary
At 25 days after pollination, water stress yielded 465 differentially accumulated proteins.
Verbatim
e0“Under the WS conditions, 487 and 465 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) were identified at 10 dap and 25 dap, respectively.”
t0“waxy maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought downregulated oxidation reduction and oxidoreductase proteins.
- Taxon
- waxy maizet0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- proteins involved in the oxidation-reduction process and oxidoreductasee0
- Direction
- downregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Drought induced the downregulation of proteins involved in the oxidation-reduction process and oxidoreductase, peroxidase, catalase, glutamine synthetase, abscisic acid stress ripening 1, and lipoxygenase, which might be an important reason for the effect of drought stress on kernel development.”
t0“waxy maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought downregulated peroxidase, catalase, and glutamine synthetase.
- Taxon
- waxy maizet0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Gene
- peroxidase, catalase, glutamine synthetasee0
- Outcome
- peroxidase, catalase, glutamine synthetasee0
- Direction
- downregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Drought induced the downregulation of proteins involved in the oxidation-reduction process and oxidoreductase, peroxidase, catalase, glutamine synthetase, abscisic acid stress ripening 1, and lipoxygenase, which might be an important reason for the effect of drought stress on kernel development.”
t0“waxy maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought downregulated abscisic acid stress ripening 1 and lipoxygenase.
- Taxon
- waxy maizet0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Gene
- abscisic acid stress ripening 1, and lipoxygenasee0
- Outcome
- abscisic acid stress ripening 1, and lipoxygenasee0
- Direction
- downregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Drought induced the downregulation of proteins involved in the oxidation-reduction process and oxidoreductase, peroxidase, catalase, glutamine synthetase, abscisic acid stress ripening 1, and lipoxygenase, which might be an important reason for the effect of drought stress on kernel development.”
t0“waxy maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Several endosperm and starch biosynthesis proteins were upregulated early under water stress.
- Taxon
- waxy maizee0
- Organ / stage
- early-kernel stagee0
- Treatment
- WS conditionse0
- Outcome
- proteins involved in waxy maize endosperm and starch biosynthesise0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Notably, several proteins involved in waxy maize endosperm and starch biosynthesis were upregulated at early-kernel stage under WS conditions, which might have accelerated endosperm development and starch synthesis.”
Claim · model-written summary
Early protein upregulation may have accelerated endosperm development and starch synthesis.
Verbatim
e0“Notably, several proteins involved in waxy maize endosperm and starch biosynthesis were upregulated at early-kernel stage under WS conditions, which might have accelerated endosperm development and starch synthesis.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seventeen proteins remained upregulated at both sampling stages.
Verbatim
e0“Additionally, 17 and 11 common DAPs were sustained in the upregulated and downregulated DAP groups, respectively, at 10 dap and 25 dap.”
t0“waxy maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Eleven proteins remained downregulated at both sampling stages.
Verbatim
e0“Additionally, 17 and 11 common DAPs were sustained in the upregulated and downregulated DAP groups, respectively, at 10 dap and 25 dap.”
t0“waxy maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Four maize homologs were proposed as candidate proteins affecting kernel development and drought response.
- Gene
- A0A1D6H543, B4FTP0, B6SLJ0, and A0A1D6H5J5e0
- Outcome
- candidate proteins that affected kernel development and drought stress responsee0
- Value
- four maize homologse0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among these 28 proteins, four maize homologs (i.e., A0A1D6H543, B4FTP0, B6SLJ0, and A0A1D6H5J5) were considered as candidate proteins that affected kernel development and drought stress response by comparing with the rice genome.”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought induced proteomic changes correlated strongly with kernel development and starch accumulation.
- Taxon
- waxy maizee0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- kernel development and starch accumulatione0
- Qualifier
- highly correlatede0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The proteomic changes caused by drought were highly correlated with kernel development and starch accumulation, which were closely related to the final yield and quality of waxy maize.”
Claim · model-written summary
Kernel development and starch accumulation were closely related to waxy maize yield and quality.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The proteomic changes caused by drought were highly correlated with kernel development and starch accumulation, which were closely related to the final yield and quality of waxy maize.”