Abstract
Several effectors from phytopathogens usually target various cell organelles to interfere with plant defenses, and they generally contain sequences that direct their translocation into organelles, such as chloroplasts. In this study, we characterized a different mechanism for effectors to attack chloroplasts in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Two effectors from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), Pst_4, and Pst_5, inhibit Bax-mediated cell death and plant immune responses, such as callose deposition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Gene silencing of the two effectors induced significant resistance to Pst, demonstrating that both effectors function as virulence factors of Pst. Although these two effectors have low sequence similarities and lack chloroplast transit peptides, they both interact with TaISP (wheat cytochrome b6-f complex iron-sulfur subunit, a chloroplast protein encoded by nuclear gene) in the cytoplasm. Silencing of TaISP impaired wheat resistance to avirulent Pst and resulted in less accumulation of ROS. Heterogeneous expression of TaISP enhanced chloroplast-derived ROS accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana. Co-localization in N. benthamiana and western blot assay of TaISP content in wheat chloroplasts show that both effectors suppressed TaISP from entering chloroplasts. We conclude that these biotrophic fungal effectors suppress plant defenses by disrupting the sorting of chloroplast protein, thereby limiting host ROS accumulation and promoting fungal pathogenicity.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Pst_4 and Pst_5 inhibited Bax-mediated cell death.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Interactor
- Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. triticie0pathogen - Gene
- Pst_4e0
- Outcome
- Bax-mediated cell deathe0
- Direction
- inhibite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Two effectors from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), Pst_4, and Pst_5, inhibit Bax-mediated cell death and plant immune responses, such as callose deposition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pst_4 and Pst_5 inhibited callose deposition and ROS accumulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Puccinia striiformis f. sp. triticiPuccinia striiformis f. sp. triticie0pathogen
- Gene
- Pst_5e0
- Outcome
- callose deposition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulatione0
- Direction
- inhibite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Two effectors from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), Pst_4, and Pst_5, inhibit Bax-mediated cell death and plant immune responses, such as callose deposition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing the two effectors significantly increased resistance to Pst.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Gene silencing of the two effectorse0
- Interactor
- Pste0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance to Pste0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Gene silencing of the two effectors induced significant resistance to Pst, demonstrating that both effectors function as virulence factors of Pst.”
Claim · model-written summary
Both effectors interacted with TaISP in the cytoplasm.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Pste1pathogen
- Gene
- TaISPe0
- Outcome
- interact with TaISPe0
- Qualifier
- in the cytoplasme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Although these two effectors have low sequence similarities and lack chloroplast transit peptides, they both interact with TaISP (wheat cytochrome b6-f complex iron-sulfur subunit, a chloroplast protein encoded by nuclear gene) in the cytoplasm.”
e1“Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst)”
Claim · model-written summary
TaISP silencing impaired wheat resistance to avirulent Pst.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Silencing of TaISPe0
- Interactor
- Pste0pathogen
- Gene
- TaISPe0
- Outcome
- wheat resistance to avirulent Pste0
- Direction
- impairede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Silencing of TaISP impaired wheat resistance to avirulent Pst and resulted in less accumulation of ROS.”
Claim · model-written summary
TaISP silencing led to less ROS accumulation in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Silencing of TaISPe0
- Interactor
- Pste0pathogen
- Gene
- TaISPe0
- Outcome
- accumulation of ROSe0
- Direction
- lesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Silencing of TaISP impaired wheat resistance to avirulent Pst and resulted in less accumulation of ROS.”
Claim · model-written summary
Expression of TaISP enhanced chloroplast-derived ROS accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae0 - Treatment
- Heterogeneous expression of TaISPe0
- Gene
- TaISPe0
- Outcome
- chloroplast-derived ROS accumulatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heterogeneous expression of TaISP enhanced chloroplast-derived ROS accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana.”
Claim · model-written summary
Both effectors suppressed TaISP entry into wheat chloroplasts.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0other
- Gene
- TaISPe0
- Outcome
- TaISP from entering chloroplastse0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Co-localization in N. benthamiana and western blot assay of TaISP content in wheat chloroplasts show that both effectors suppressed TaISP from entering chloroplasts.”
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See all 177 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.