Abstract
Objective Rice is one of the most important crops in the world, which occupies a large area of arable land. Blast disease is one of the most important and destructive rice diseases, which reduces production of this product. Due to environmental pollution caused by overuse of fungicides to control this disease and on the other hand, the pathogen resistance to these chemicals, development of better and healthier strategies to control this pathogen is necessary. Biological control of plant diseases using antagonists can be a promising alternative method. Materials and methods In this study, indirect effect of Trichoderma harzianum fungus on pathogenic fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, under greenhouse conditions was investigated by induction of systemic resistance in susceptible Tarom cultivar. For this purpose, expression of several important defense genes was investigated using real-time qPCR technique in plants symbiont with Trichoderma compared to control plants (without Trichoderma) at different times after infection with pathogenic fungi. Results The results showed increasing expression level of NPR1, PR2 and PR3 genes after pathogen inoculation in plants symbiont with Trichoderma compared to the control plants that there was statistically significat difference about PR2 and PR3 genes. Nevertheles in a number of times, there was no significant difference in expression level of the evaluated genes between two treatments. Examination of various morphological traits such as root, stem and leaf dry weight, root length, stem diameter and plant height showed an increase in plants symbiont with Trichoderma compared to control plants (without Trichoderma), although this difference was not significant about these traits except for plant height. Chlorophyll a and b levels were also measured as physiological traits in both treatments. Although amount of chlorophyll a was higher in plants symbiont with Trichoderma than control plants, but no significant difference was observed. Phenotypic study of interaction of rice plant and pathogen in presence of Trichoderma showed a significant difference about disease severity in plants symbiont with Trichoderma compared to control plants. Conclusions These results could somewhat indicate the systemic protection of the rice plant against M. oryzae due to symbiosis of the plant root with Trichoderma harzianum and induction of resistance and increase in pathogenesis-related genes, but this is not enough. Therefore, it is necessary to repeat greenhouse experiment to ensure that there is a significant difference in expression of the studied genes between symbiotic and control plants.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
NPR1 expression increased after pathogen inoculation in symbiotic plants.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- plants symbiont with Trichodermae0
- Gene
- NPR1e0
- Outcome
- expression level of NPR1e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Comparator
- the control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing expression level of NPR1, PR2 and PR3 genes after pathogen inoculation in plants symbiont with Trichoderma compared to the control plants”
e1“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PR2 expression increased significantly in symbiotic plants.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- plants symbiont with Trichodermae0
- Gene
- PR2e0
- Outcome
- expression level of NPR1, PR2 and PR3 genese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Comparator
- the control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing expression level of NPR1, PR2 and PR3 genes after pathogen inoculation in plants symbiont with Trichoderma compared to the control plants that there was statistically significat difference about PR2 and PR3 genes”
e1“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PR3 expression increased significantly in symbiotic plants.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- plants symbiont with Trichodermae0
- Gene
- PR3e0
- Outcome
- expression level of NPR1, PR2 and PR3 genese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Comparator
- the control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing expression level of NPR1, PR2 and PR3 genes after pathogen inoculation in plants symbiont with Trichoderma compared to the control plants that there was statistically significat difference about PR2 and PR3 genes”
e1“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
At some times evaluated gene expression did not significantly differ.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- two treatmentse0
- Outcome
- expression level of the evaluated genese0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in a number of times, there was no significant difference in expression level of the evaluated genes between two treatments”
e1“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Symbiotic plants had higher root, stem, and leaf dry weight without significant differences.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- plants symbiont with Trichodermae0
- Outcome
- root, stem and leaf dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- control plants (without Trichoderma)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root, stem and leaf dry weight, root length, stem diameter and plant height showed an increase in plants symbiont with Trichoderma compared to control plants (without Trichoderma), although this difference was not significant about these traits except for plant height”
e1“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Root length and stem diameter increased without significant differences.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- plants symbiont with Trichodermae0
- Outcome
- root length, stem diametere0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- control plants (without Trichoderma)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root, stem and leaf dry weight, root length, stem diameter and plant height showed an increase in plants symbiont with Trichoderma compared to control plants (without Trichoderma), although this difference was not significant about these traits except for plant height”
e1“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height increased significantly in symbiotic plants.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- plants symbiont with Trichodermae0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- control plants (without Trichoderma)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root, stem and leaf dry weight, root length, stem diameter and plant height showed an increase in plants symbiont with Trichoderma compared to control plants (without Trichoderma), although this difference was not significant about these traits except for plant height”
e1“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll a was higher in symbiotic plants, without a significant difference.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- plants symbiont with Trichodermae0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“amount of chlorophyll a was higher in plants symbiont with Trichoderma than control plants, but no significant difference was observed”
e1“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease severity differed significantly in symbiotic plants.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- plants symbiont with Trichodermae0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant difference about disease severity in plants symbiont with Trichoderma compared to control plants”
e1“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest systemic protection through root symbiosis and defense gene induction, with uncertainty.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- systemic protection of the rice plant against M. oryzaee0
- Qualifier
- symbiosis of the plant root with Trichoderma harzianum and induction of resistance and increase in pathogenesis-related genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“could somewhat indicate the systemic protection of the rice plant against M. oryzae due to symbiosis of the plant root with Trichoderma harzianum and induction of resistance and increase in pathogenesis-related genes, but this is not enough”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend repeating greenhouse experiments.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- repeat greenhouse experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“necessary to repeat greenhouse experiment to ensure that there is a significant difference in expression of the studied genes between symbiotic and control plants”
t0“rice symbiont”
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See all 15 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.