Abstract
Introduction The use of intercropping and the potential of microorganisms such as Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is one of the important strategies in sustainable agriculture. Intercropping is multiple cropping systems, in which two or more crop species planted simultaneously in a field during a growing season. Of course, this does not mean that in the intercropping, plants can be planted at a time together, but is the purpose that two or more crops are together in one place, during their growing season or at least in a time frame. Therefore, it is possible that plants are different in terms of planting date, and a plant is planted after the other plant. Potential benefits of intercropping are such as high productivity and profitability, improvement of soil fertility, efficient use of resources, reduction in the damages caused by pests and weeds, better lodging resistance and yield stability. On the other hand, the use of AMF and PGPR as biofertilizers can play a role in improving plant nutrition, plant growth and product quality. The aim of this study was to study the effect of AMF and PGPR inoculation on plant growth indices in bean-Moldavian balm intercropping. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted in the Agricultural Research Greenhouse of Urmia University, Located in 11 kilometers Sero road of the city of Urmia, Iran (latitude 36° 57′ N, longitude 45° 24′ E and 1321 m elevation) in 2017. The climate of the area is a Hot-summer Mediterranean climate bordering continental climate with cold winters, mild springs, hot dry summers, and warm autumns. This experiment was carried out in a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors including microbial inoculation {(AMF, PGPR, AMF+PGPR and without microbial inoculation) and planting patterns (Sole cropping of Moldavian balms and bean, 1 row bean+ 1 row Moldavian balms (1:1), 2 rows bean+ 1 row Moldavian balms (2:1), 1 row bean+ 2 rows Moldavian balms (1:2) and 2 rows bean+ 2 row Moldavian balms (2:2)}. For this purpose, soil samples were prepared from Naqhadeh city in West Azerbaijan Province in Iran. In order to greenhouse tests, the soils added to the pots (in each pot containing 45 kg of soil). In treatments, soil used with microbial inoculation. Microbial strains were used for microbial inoculation including PGPR (P. aeruginosa, P.fluorescens and P. putida) and AMF (Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus irregularis and Claroideoglomus etunicatum). For plant cultivation, been (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and moldavian balms (Dracocephalum moldavica) seeds cultivar were grown in pots. At the end of the growth period, the characteristics of the agronomic traits in the bean plant were including plant height, number of seeds per pod, 1000 seed weight, biomass yield and Seed yield, and in Moldavian Balm were including, plant height, biomass yield and essential oil percentage were determined. In addition, the land equivalent ratio (LER) was calculated to determine the advantages of intercropping. The analysis of variance for the obtained data was done by statistical analysis system (SAS 9.4) software. The mean comparison was done using the Duncan test at the 5% probability level. Results and Discussion The results showed that the different intercropping and microbial inoculation had a significant effect on all traits, in Moldavian balms and common beans. All the plant growth indices in common bean-Moldavian balm intercropping were the highest in the combined treatment of AMF +PGPR, compared to another treatment. The highest and the lowest seed and biomass yield of bean were achieved in sole cropping with 3.20 and 9.70 g and 1:1 with 1.57 and 4.41 g, respectively. The maximum biomass yield and other traits of Moldavian balm obtained under sole cropping, while essential oil percentage was higher in all intercropping patterns than in sole cropping patterns. The main constituents of Moldavian balms essential oil were Geranyl acetate, Geranial, Geraniol and Neral. The highest LER value (1.67) was obtained from 2:2 intercropping in PGPR inoculation. Conclusion In general, the results showed that all of the plant growth indices of Moldavian balms and bean in sole cropping were higher than other intercropping patterns; however higher LER was observed in intercropping with microbial inoculation. This shows more exploitation of unit area in intercropping. In addition, the greater amount of LER in replacement intercropping than additive intercropping highlights the necessity of appropriate density of plants per unit area in the intercropping. It can be concluded that application of intercropping with combined application of AMF and PGPR leads to improvement on yield and yield components of plant.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping and microbial inoculation significantly affected all measured traits in Moldavian balm and common bean.
- Taxon
- Moldavian balms and common beanse0
- Treatment
- intercropping and microbial inoculatione0
- Outcome
- all traitse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“different intercropping and microbial inoculation had a significant effect on all traits, in Moldavian balms and common beans”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined AMF and PGPR treatment produced the highest growth indices in bean and Moldavian balm intercropping.
Verbatim
e0“All the plant growth indices in common bean-Moldavian balm intercropping were the highest in the combined treatment of AMF +PGPR, compared to another treatment.”
t0“Microorganisms”
Claim · model-written summary
Bean seed yield was highest in sole cropping at 3.20 g and lowest in 1:1 intercropping at 1.57 g.
Verbatim
e0“The highest and the lowest seed and biomass yield of bean were achieved in sole cropping with 3.20 and 9.70 g and 1:1 with 1.57 and 4.41 g, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bean biomass yield was highest in sole cropping at 9.70 g and lowest in 1:1 intercropping at 4.41 g.
Verbatim
e0“The highest and the lowest seed and biomass yield of bean were achieved in sole cropping with 3.20 and 9.70 g and 1:1 with 1.57 and 4.41 g, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Moldavian balm biomass yield and other traits were maximal in sole cropping.
- Taxon
- Moldavian balme0
- Treatment
- sole croppinge0
- Outcome
- biomass yield and other traitse0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The maximum biomass yield and other traits of Moldavian balm obtained under sole cropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Moldavian balm essential oil percentage was higher in all intercropping patterns than in sole cropping.
Verbatim
e0“essential oil percentage was higher in all intercropping patterns than in sole cropping patterns”
t0“Moldavian balms”
Claim · model-written summary
Geranyl acetate, Geranial, Geraniol and Neral were the main constituents of Moldavian balm essential oil.
Verbatim
e0“The main constituents of Moldavian balms essential oil were Geranyl acetate, Geranial, Geraniol and Neral.”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest land equivalent ratio, 1.67, occurred under 2:2 intercropping with PGPR inoculation.
- Taxon
- Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Moldavian balms (Dracocephalum moldavica)
Phaseolus vulgaris
Dracocephalum moldavicat0 - Treatment
- 2:2 intercropping in PGPR inoculatione0
- Outcome
- LERe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1.67e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest LER value (1.67) was obtained from 2:2 intercropping in PGPR inoculation.”
t0“Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Moldavian balms (Dracocephalum moldavica)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sole cropping produced higher plant growth indices than intercropping for Moldavian balm and bean.
Verbatim
e0“all of the plant growth indices of Moldavian balms and bean in sole cropping were higher than other intercropping patterns”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial inoculation in intercropping was associated with higher land equivalent ratio.
- Taxon
- Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Moldavian balms (Dracocephalum moldavica)Phaseolus vulgarisDracocephalum moldavicat0
- Treatment
- intercropping with microbial inoculatione0
- Outcome
- LERe0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher LER was observed in intercropping with microbial inoculation”
t0“Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Moldavian balms (Dracocephalum moldavica)”
Claim · model-written summary
Replacement intercropping produced greater land equivalent ratio than additive intercropping.
- Taxon
- Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Moldavian balms (Dracocephalum moldavica)Phaseolus vulgarisDracocephalum moldavicat0
- Treatment
- replacement intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- LERe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- additive intercroppinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greater amount of LER in replacement intercropping than additive intercropping”
t0“Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Moldavian balms (Dracocephalum moldavica)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend intercropping with combined AMF and PGPR to improve yield and yield components.
- Taxon
- Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Moldavian balms (Dracocephalum moldavica)Phaseolus vulgarisDracocephalum moldavicat0
- Outcome
- application of intercropping with combined application of AMF and PGPRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of intercropping with combined application of AMF and PGPR leads to improvement on yield and yield components of plant”
t0“Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Moldavian balms (Dracocephalum moldavica)”
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intercropping · yield · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results differ
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- negative
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See all 67 papers →inoculation · yield · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Positive and negative results
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See all 195 papers →inoculation · yield · Dracocephalum moldavicaResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.