Abstract
Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) decreases the harmful effect of soil acidity on plants and provides calcium (Ca) and sulfur (S) for plant nutrition. Setaria grass (Setaria anceps Stapf) and black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) are forage grasses that are tolerant of low soil fertility and may be suitable as inter-row crops for Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) grown organically on Oxisol soils, which may suffer low native fertility and high acidity. We evaluated the effect of gypsum application to a low fertility soil from subtropical Brazil on soil chemical fertility, growth and plant nutrition of Satsuma mandarin, and plant biomass yield and soil nutrient extraction of setaria grass and black oat cultivated between the orchard rows, in the absence of soluble industrial (NPK) fertilisers. The entire experimental field was limed, and ground natural phosphate rock was applied. During planting of the Satsuma mandarin, organic manure and ground natural phosphate rock were mixed with soil and placed in each planting hole. Two agricultural gypsum treatments were applied: one without gypsum (control), and the other with gypsum at 6 t ha−1. After 12 months, gypsum reduced the level of aluminium (Al3+) and increased Ca2+ at soil depth 0–40 cm, and increased S-SO42− at soil depth 0–60 cm. Other soil chemical components (pH, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and micronutrients) were not affected by gypsum application. Gypsum did not affect growth of Satsuma mandarin, but increased leaf S concentration. Between the rows, gypsum decreased nitrogen extraction by setaria grass and increased Ca and S extractions by black oat. Biomass yield and nutrient extraction by the studied forage grasses were satisfactory, considering the poor soil fertility conditions. Setaria grass exhibited higher efficiency in recycling nutrients from the chemically poor soils than black oat. In general, setaria grass and black oat can be used as inter-row forage grasses for organic orchards of Satsuma mandarin, where there are restrictions on use of soluble industrial fertilisers.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum reduced soil aluminium after 12 months at 0–40 cm.
- Taxon
- Satsuma mandarin
Citrus unshiut0 - Treatment
- gypsume0
- Outcome
- aluminium (Al3+)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- soil depth 0–40 cme0
Not reportedOrgan / stageComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Satsuma mandarin”
e0“After 12 months, gypsum reduced the level of aluminium (Al3+) and increased Ca2+ at soil depth 0–40 cm”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum increased soil calcium at 0–40 cm.
- Taxon
- Satsuma mandarinCitrus unshiut0
- Treatment
- gypsume0
- Outcome
- Ca2+e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- soil depth 0–40 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Satsuma mandarin”
e0“gypsum reduced the level of aluminium (Al3+) and increased Ca2+ at soil depth 0–40 cm”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum increased soil sulfate sulfur at 0–60 cm.
- Taxon
- Satsuma mandarinCitrus unshiut0
- Treatment
- gypsume0
- Outcome
- S-SO42−e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- soil depth 0–60 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Satsuma mandarin”
e0“gypsum reduced the level of aluminium (Al3+) and increased Ca2+ at soil depth 0–40 cm, and increased S-SO42− at soil depth 0–60 cm”
Claim · model-written summary
Other measured soil chemical components were unaffected by gypsum.
- Taxon
- Satsuma mandarinCitrus unshiut0
- Treatment
- gypsum applicatione0
- Outcome
- pH, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and micronutrientse0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Satsuma mandarin”
e0“Other soil chemical components (pH, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and micronutrients) were not affected by gypsum application”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum did not affect mandarin growth.
- Taxon
- Satsuma mandarinCitrus unshiue0
- Treatment
- Gypsume0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gypsum did not affect growth of Satsuma mandarin”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum increased mandarin leaf sulfur concentration.
- Taxon
- Satsuma mandarinCitrus unshiue0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- Gypsume0
- Outcome
- leaf S concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gypsum did not affect growth of Satsuma mandarin, but increased leaf S concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum decreased nitrogen extraction by setaria grass.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“gypsum decreased nitrogen extraction by setaria grass”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum increased calcium and sulfur extraction by black oat.
- Taxon
- black oat
Avena strigosae0 - Treatment
- gypsume0
- Outcome
- Ca and S extractionse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gypsum decreased nitrogen extraction by setaria grass and increased Ca and S extractions by black oat”
Claim · model-written summary
Forage biomass yield and nutrient extraction were satisfactory under poor soil fertility.
Verbatim
e0“Biomass yield and nutrient extraction by the studied forage grasses were satisfactory, considering the poor soil fertility conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Setaria grass recycled nutrients more efficiently than black oat in poor soils.
Verbatim
e0“Setaria grass exhibited higher efficiency in recycling nutrients from the chemically poor soils than black oat”
Claim · model-written summary
Setaria grass and black oat can be used between rows of organic mandarin orchards with restrictions on soluble fertiliser use.
Verbatim
e0“setaria grass and black oat can be used as inter-row forage grasses for organic orchards of Satsuma mandarin, where there are restrictions on use of soluble industrial fertilisers”
The same questions in other papers
lime · growth · Citrus unshiu (satsuma mandarin)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
lime · nutrient: content · Avena strigosa (black oat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.