Abstract
Garlic is an important vegetable in terms of its economic value and also as a medicinal plant. In this study, chitosan (300 mM) and yeast extract (8 g/L) were used individually or in combination to improve the yields of garlic plants under drought conditions (i.e., 75% and 50% of the water they would normally receive from irrigation) for two seasons. Significant decreases in numbers of leaves per plant and plant height, plant dry weight, relative water content, and chlorophyll a and b concentrations were found in stressed garlic plants in both seasons. The greatest reductions in these characters were recorded in plants that received only 50% of the normal irrigation in both seasons. Levels of hydrogen peroxide, products of lipid peroxidation such as malondialdehyde, and superoxide, as well as percentages of electrolyte leakage, were elevated considerably and were signals of oxidative damage. The application of the yeast extract (8 g/L) or chitosan (300 mM) individually or in combination led to a remarkable increase in the most studied characters of the stressed garlic plants. The combination of yeast extract (8 g/L) plus chitosan (300 mM) led to increase plant height (44%), ascorbic acid levels (30.2%), and relative water content (36.8%), as well as the chlorophyll a (50.7%) and b concentrations (79%), regulated the proline content and levels of antioxidant enzymes in stressed garlic plants that received 75% of the normal irrigation, and this decreased the signs of oxidative stress (i.e., percentage of electrolyte leakage and levels of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide).
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced garlic leaf number, height and dry weight.
- Taxon
- garlic
Allium sativume0 - Treatment
- stressede0
- Outcome
- numbers of leaves per plant and plant height, plant dry weighte0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant decreases in numbers of leaves per plant and plant height, plant dry weight, relative water content, and chlorophyll a and b concentrations were found in stressed garlic plants in both seasons.”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced garlic relative water content.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Treatment
- stressede0
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant decreases in numbers of leaves per plant and plant height, plant dry weight, relative water content, and chlorophyll a and b concentrations were found in stressed garlic plants in both seasons.”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced garlic chlorophyll a and b concentrations.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Treatment
- stressede0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a and b concentrationse0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant decreases in numbers of leaves per plant and plant height, plant dry weight, relative water content, and chlorophyll a and b concentrations were found in stressed garlic plants in both seasons.”
Claim · model-written summary
The greatest reductions occurred at 50% normal irrigation.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume1
- Treatment
- 50% of the normal irrigatione0
- Outcome
- greatest reductions in these characterse0
- Direction
- greatest reductionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest reductions in these characters were recorded in plants that received only 50% of the normal irrigation in both seasons.”
e1“stressed garlic plants in both seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought elevated hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and superoxide.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume1
- Treatment
- stressede1
- Outcome
- Levels of hydrogen peroxide, products of lipid peroxidation such as malondialdehyde, and superoxidee0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Levels of hydrogen peroxide, products of lipid peroxidation such as malondialdehyde, and superoxide, as well as percentages of electrolyte leakage, were elevated considerably”
e1“stressed garlic plants in both seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought elevated electrolyte leakage.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume1
- Treatment
- stressede1
- Outcome
- percentages of electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“percentages of electrolyte leakage, were elevated considerably”
e1“stressed garlic plants in both seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Yeast extract increased most studied traits in stressed garlic.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Treatment
- yeast extract (8 g/L)e0
- Outcome
- most studied characterse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of the yeast extract (8 g/L) or chitosan (300 mM) individually or in combination led to a remarkable increase in the most studied characters of the stressed garlic plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan increased most studied traits in stressed garlic.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Treatment
- chitosan (300 mM)e0
- Outcome
- most studied characterse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of the yeast extract (8 g/L) or chitosan (300 mM) individually or in combination led to a remarkable increase in the most studied characters of the stressed garlic plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined yeast extract and chitosan increased height 44%.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume1
- Treatment
- yeast extract (8 g/L) plus chitosan (300 mM)e0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 44%e0
- Qualifier
- 75% of the normal irrigatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of yeast extract (8 g/L) plus chitosan (300 mM) led to increase plant height (44%), ascorbic acid levels (30.2%), and relative water content (36.8%)”
e1“stressed garlic plants that received 75% of the normal irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased ascorbic acid 30.2%.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume1
- Treatment
- yeast extract (8 g/L) plus chitosan (300 mM)e0
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid levelse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 30.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of yeast extract (8 g/L) plus chitosan (300 mM) led to increase plant height (44%), ascorbic acid levels (30.2%), and relative water content (36.8%)”
e1“stressed garlic plants that received 75% of the normal irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased relative water content 36.8%.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume1
- Treatment
- yeast extract (8 g/L) plus chitosan (300 mM)e0
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 36.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of yeast extract (8 g/L) plus chitosan (300 mM) led to increase plant height (44%), ascorbic acid levels (30.2%), and relative water content (36.8%)”
e1“stressed garlic plants that received 75% of the normal irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased chlorophyll a 50.7%.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume1
- Treatment
- yeast extract (8 g/L) plus chitosan (300 mM)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 50.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of yeast extract (8 g/L) plus chitosan (300 mM) led to increase plant height (44%), ascorbic acid levels (30.2%), and relative water content (36.8%), as well as the chlorophyll a (50.7%) and b concentrations (79%)”
e1“stressed garlic plants that received 75% of the normal irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased chlorophyll b 79%.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume1
- Treatment
- yeast extract (8 g/L) plus chitosan (300 mM)e0
- Outcome
- b concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 79%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of yeast extract (8 g/L) plus chitosan (300 mM) led to increase plant height (44%), ascorbic acid levels (30.2%), and relative water content (36.8%), as well as the chlorophyll a (50.7%) and b concentrations (79%)”
e1“stressed garlic plants that received 75% of the normal irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment regulated proline and antioxidant enzyme levels.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Treatment
- yeast extract (8 g/L) plus chitosan (300 mM)e0
- Outcome
- proline content and levels of antioxidant enzymese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of yeast extract (8 g/L) plus chitosan (300 mM) led to increase plant height (44%), ascorbic acid levels (30.2%), and relative water content (36.8%), as well as the chlorophyll a (50.7%) and b concentrations (79%), regulated the proline content and levels of antioxidant enzymes in stressed garlic plants that received 75% of the normal irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment decreased signs of oxidative stress.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume2
- Treatment
- yeast extract (8 g/L) plus chitosan (300 mM)e1
- Outcome
- signs of oxidative stresse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this decreased the signs of oxidative stress (i.e., percentage of electrolyte leakage and levels of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide)”
e1“The combination of yeast extract (8 g/L) plus chitosan (300 mM)”
e2“stressed garlic plants that received 75% of the normal irrigation”
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