Abstract
Five garlic parts (root, clove skin, leaf, flower stalk and garlic peel) of garlic waste from garlic harvest processing were used in this study. Each part of the garlic waste was screened for total phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant activity after extraction with 70% ethanol. Interestingly, garlic leaf (GLf) showed the greatest richness of total phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant activity. GLf was selected to extract with water and 70% ethanol and the highest extraction yield was achieved with water extract. The GLf extracts demonstrated a good quality standard of physical and chemical properties. The aqueous extract of GLf revealed the highest total phenolic content of 1,676.40 ± 18.02 mg GAE/100 g extract. Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts did not differ regarding total flavonoid contents, showing values of 118.60 ± 6.10 mg QUE/100 g extract and 110.90 ± 2.30 mg QUE/100 g extract, respectively. Phenolic compounds including gallic acid, catechin and tannic acid were detected in the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of GLf by HPLC assay. Moreover, four flavonoid compounds including isoquercetin, quercetin, kaempferol and rutin were detected in aqueous extract whereas the ethanolic extract presented apigenin, isoquercetin, quercetin and kaempferol. The ethanolic extract of GLf demonstrated the stronger antioxidant activity than aqueous extract. GLf extracts also exhibited antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria with MIC and MBC values of 125-250 mg/mL. In addition, GLf aqueous extract showed lower toxicity on Vero cells than ethanolic extract. Therefore, GLf waste can be used as a cheap source of natural compounds and antioxidants, with potential applications in different biological, medicinal and food products. Keywords: Allium sativum L., Antibacteria, Antioxidant, Garlic, Toxicity
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic leaf had the greatest total phenolic content among waste parts.
- Taxon
- garlic
Allium sativume0 - Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Outcome
- total phenolice0
- Direction
- greateste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“garlic leaf (GLf) showed the greatest richness of total phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic leaf had the greatest flavonoid content among waste parts.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Outcome
- flavonoide0
- Direction
- greateste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“garlic leaf (GLf) showed the greatest richness of total phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic leaf had the greatest antioxidant activity among waste parts.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- greateste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“garlic leaf (GLf) showed the greatest richness of total phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Water extraction gave the highest yield from garlic leaf.
- Taxon
- GarlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- water extracte0
- Outcome
- extraction yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest extraction yield was achieved with water extract”
t0“Garlic Leaf Extract”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic leaf extracts met a good standard for physical and chemical properties.
- Taxon
- GarlicAllium sativumt0
- Organ / stage
- Leaft0
- Outcome
- physical and chemical propertiese0
- Qualifier
- good quality standarde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The GLf extracts demonstrated a good quality standard of physical and chemical properties”
t0“Garlic Leaf”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic leaf aqueous extract had the highest total phenolic content, 1,676.40 ± 18.02 mg GAE/100 g extract.
- Taxon
- GarlicAllium sativumt0
- Organ / stage
- Leaft0
- Outcome
- total phenolic contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1,676.40 ± 18.02 mg GAE/100 g extracte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The aqueous extract of GLf revealed the highest total phenolic content of 1,676.40 ± 18.02 mg GAE/100 g extract”
t0“Garlic Leaf”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic leaf aqueous and ethanolic extracts did not differ in total flavonoid content.
- Taxon
- GarlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- aqueous and ethanolic extractse0
- Outcome
- total flavonoid contentse0
- Direction
- did not differe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts did not differ regarding total flavonoid contents, showing values of 118.60 ± 6.10 mg QUE/100 g extract and 110.90 ± 2.30 mg QUE/100 g extract, respectively”
t0“Garlic Leaf Extract”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous garlic leaf extract had 118.60 ± 6.10 mg QUE/100 g extract of total flavonoids.
- Taxon
- GarlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- aqueouse0
- Outcome
- total flavonoid contentse0
- Value
- 118.60 ± 6.10 mg QUE/100 g extracte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts did not differ regarding total flavonoid contents, showing values of 118.60 ± 6.10 mg QUE/100 g extract and 110.90 ± 2.30 mg QUE/100 g extract, respectively”
t0“Garlic Leaf Extract”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanolic garlic leaf extract had 110.90 ± 2.30 mg QUE/100 g extract of total flavonoids.
- Taxon
- GarlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- ethanolice0
- Outcome
- total flavonoid contentse0
- Value
- 110.90 ± 2.30 mg QUE/100 g extracte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts did not differ regarding total flavonoid contents, showing values of 118.60 ± 6.10 mg QUE/100 g extract and 110.90 ± 2.30 mg QUE/100 g extract, respectively”
t0“Garlic Leaf Extract”
Claim · model-written summary
Gallic acid, catechin, and tannic acid were detected in aqueous and ethanolic garlic leaf extracts.
- Taxon
- GarlicAllium sativumt0
- Organ / stage
- Leaft0
- Outcome
- gallic acid, catechin and tannic acid were detectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phenolic compounds including gallic acid, catechin and tannic acid were detected in the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of GLf”
t0“Garlic Leaf”
Claim · model-written summary
Isoquercetin, quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin were detected in aqueous garlic leaf extract.
- Taxon
- GarlicAllium sativumt0
- Outcome
- isoquercetin, quercetin, kaempferol and rutin were detectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“four flavonoid compounds including isoquercetin, quercetin, kaempferol and rutin were detected in aqueous extract”
t0“Garlic Leaf Extract”
Claim · model-written summary
Apigenin, isoquercetin, quercetin, and kaempferol were detected in ethanolic garlic leaf extract.
- Taxon
- GarlicAllium sativumt0
- Outcome
- apigenin, isoquercetin, quercetin and kaempferole0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ethanolic extract presented apigenin, isoquercetin, quercetin and kaempferol”
t0“Garlic Leaf Extract”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanolic garlic leaf extract had stronger antioxidant activity than aqueous extract.
- Taxon
- GarlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- ethanolic extracte0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- strongere0
- Comparator
- aqueous extracte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ethanolic extract of GLf demonstrated the stronger antioxidant activity than aqueous extract”
t0“Garlic Leaf Extract”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic leaf extracts inhibited pathogenic bacteria with MIC and MBC values of 125-250 mg/mL.
- Taxon
- GarlicAllium sativumt0
- Interactor
- pathogenic bacteriae0other
- Outcome
- antimicrobial activitye0
- Value
- 125-250 mg/mLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GLf extracts also exhibited antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria with MIC and MBC values of 125-250 mg/mL”
t0“Garlic Leaf Extract”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous garlic leaf extract was less toxic to Vero cells than ethanolic extract.
- Taxon
- GarlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- aqueous extracte0
- Outcome
- toxicity on Vero cellse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- ethanolic extracte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GLf aqueous extract showed lower toxicity on Vero cells than ethanolic extract”
t0“Garlic Leaf Extract”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose garlic leaf waste as a source of natural compounds and antioxidants for biological, medicinal, and food products.
- Taxon
- GarlicAllium sativumt0
- Outcome
- cheap source of natural compounds and antioxidantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GLf waste can be used as a cheap source of natural compounds and antioxidants, with potential applications in different biological, medicinal and food products”
t0“Garlic Leaf Extract”
The same questions in other papers
botanical · pest · Allium sativum (garlic)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
botanical · yield · Allium sativum (garlic)Positive and negative results
22 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
21 papers more in this group
See all 25 papers →botanical · quality: phytochemicals · Allium sativum (garlic)Results agree
8 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.