Abstract
Abstract Combined foliar application of zinc sulphate (ZnSO 4 ) and selenium (Se) has been practiced in wheat biofortification. However, it remains elusive that whether the combined application affects Zn and Se distribution to grain, the efficacy of biofortification and bioavailability in wheat, due to the accompanying sulphate sources. Selenite and ZnSO 4 were applied either alone or simultaneously to foliage of wheat in field, and their impacts on Zn and Se partitioning in plants, enrichment and bioavailability in whole grain, bran and flour, as well as amino acid profile in flour, were closely investigated. Grain yield was not influenced by any of the foliar Zn and Se applications. Grain Zn and Se concentrations reached 58.3–77.9 and 0.30–0.74 mg kg −1 in Zn‐ and Se‐sprayed plants, respectively, and the estimated daily‐absorbed Zn by a reference adult from grain and flour were enhanced by 1.2‐ to 2.4‐fold than the control, as well as 16.8‐fold increase on average for daily Se intake. Combined Zn and Se application led to a 32%–37% reduction in Se concentrations and daily Se intake of whole grain and flour in one of the two seasons when compared with the foliar Se spray alone, which was partly associated with the reduced Se distribution to grains. Alternatively, similar responsive patterns of methionine and cysteine with grain and flour Se concentrations further suggested that zinc sulphate and selenium interactions in Se accumulation act through the metabolism of sulphur‐containing amino acids in wheat plants. Further, the substantial Zn enrichment in flour paralleled to the increase of amino acid profiles such as aspartate, glutamate, glycine and lysine, but not to the total amino acid content. Overall, wheat was successfully biofortified with Zn and Se through combined foliar applications, although an antagonistic impact of ZnSO 4 spray on the magnitude of Se biofortification occurred in some cases.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar zinc and selenium applications did not influence grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- foliar Zn and Se applicationse0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- not influencede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield was not influenced by any of the foliar Zn and Se applications”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprayed wheat grain zinc concentration reached 58.3–77.9 mg kg −1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Grain Zn and Se concentrationse0
- Value
- 58.3–77.9e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain Zn and Se concentrations reached 58.3–77.9 and 0.30–0.74 mg kg −1 in Zn‐ and Se‐sprayed plants, respectively”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprayed wheat grain selenium concentration reached 0.30–0.74 mg kg −1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Se concentrationse0
- Value
- 0.30–0.74 mg kg −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain Zn and Se concentrations reached 58.3–77.9 and 0.30–0.74 mg kg −1 in Zn‐ and Se‐sprayed plants, respectively”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Estimated absorbed zinc from grain and flour increased 1.2‐ to 2.4‐fold relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn‐ and Se‐sprayed plantse1
- Outcome
- estimated daily‐absorbed Zne0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 1.2‐ to 2.4‐folde0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the estimated daily‐absorbed Zn by a reference adult from grain and flour were enhanced by 1.2‐ to 2.4‐fold than the control”
e1“Zn‐ and Se‐sprayed plants”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Daily selenium intake increased 16.8‐fold on average.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Se‐sprayed plantse1
- Outcome
- daily Se intakee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 16.8‐folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“16.8‐fold increase on average for daily Se intake”
e1“Se‐sprayed plants”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined zinc and selenium spray reduced whole grain and flour selenium concentrations by 32%–37% in one season versus selenium spray alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Combined Zn and Se applicatione0
- Outcome
- Se concentrationse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 32%–37%e0
- Qualifier
- one of the two seasonse0
- Comparator
- foliar Se spray alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined Zn and Se application led to a 32%–37% reduction in Se concentrations and daily Se intake of whole grain and flour in one of the two seasons when compared with the foliar Se spray alone”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined spray reduced daily selenium intake by 32%–37% in one season versus selenium spray alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Combined Zn and Se applicatione0
- Outcome
- daily Se intakee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 32%–37%e0
- Qualifier
- one of the two seasonse0
- Comparator
- foliar Se spray alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined Zn and Se application led to a 32%–37% reduction in Se concentrations and daily Se intake of whole grain and flour in one of the two seasons when compared with the foliar Se spray alone”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The reduction was partly associated with reduced selenium distribution to grain.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Combined Zn and Se applicatione1
- Outcome
- reduced Se distribution to grainse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which was partly associated with the reduced Se distribution to grains”
e1“Combined Zn and Se application”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Methionine and cysteine responses followed grain and flour selenium concentrations.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- methionine and cysteinee0
- Outcome
- grain and flour Se concentrationse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“similar responsive patterns of methionine and cysteine with grain and flour Se concentrations”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Flour zinc enrichment paralleled increases in aspartate, glutamate and glycine.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- aspartate, glutamate, glycinee0
- Outcome
- Zn enrichment in floure0
- Direction
- enrichmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“substantial Zn enrichment in flour paralleled to the increase of amino acid profiles such as aspartate, glutamate, glycine and lysine”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Flour zinc enrichment also paralleled lysine increase.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- lysinee0
- Outcome
- Zn enrichment in floure0
- Direction
- enrichmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“substantial Zn enrichment in flour paralleled to the increase of amino acid profiles such as aspartate, glutamate, glycine and lysine”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Flour zinc enrichment did not parallel total amino acid content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn enrichment in floure1
- Outcome
- total amino acid contente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but not to the total amino acid content”
e1“Zn enrichment in flour”
t0“wheat”
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