Abstract
Among 200 fungal strains isolated from the soil, only one culture filtrate of Aspergillus flavus JCK-4087 showed strong nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita . The nematicidal metabolite isolated from the culture filtrate of JCK-4087 was identified as cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). Because JCK-4087 also produced aflatoxins, six strains of Penicillium commune , which have been reported to be CPA producers, were obtained from the bank and then tested for their CPA productivity. CPA was isolated from the culture filtrate of P. commune KACC 45973. CPA killed the second-stage juveniles of M. incognita, M. hapla , and M. arearia with EC 50–3 days 4.50, 18.82, and 60.51 μg mL –1 , respectively. CPA also significantly inhibited egg hatch of M. incognita and M. hapla after a total of 28 days of treatment with the concentrations > 25 μg mL –1 . The enhancement of CPA production by P. commune KACC 45973 was explored using an optimized medium based on Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and central composite design (CCD). The highest CPA production (381.48 μg mL –1 ) was obtained from the optimized medium, exhibiting an increase of 7.88 times when compared with that from potato dextrose broth culture. Application of the wettable power-type formulation of the ethyl acetate extract of the culture filtrate of KACC 45973 reduced gall formation and nematode populations in tomato roots and soils under greenhouse conditions. These results suggest that CPA produced by P. commune KACC 45973 can be used as either a biochemical nematicide or a lead molecule for developing chemical nematicides to control root-knot nematodes.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Aspergillus flavus JCK-4087 filtrate showed strong activity against M. incognita.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognita
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogyne incognitae0pathogen - Second interactor
- Aspergillus flavus JCK-4087
Aspergillus flavuse0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognitae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Root-Knot Nematodes”
e0“only one culture filtrate of Aspergillus flavus JCK-4087 showed strong nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita”
e1“tomato roots and soils”
Claim · model-written summary
The nematicidal metabolite from JCK-4087 was identified as cyclopiazonic acid.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- cyclopiazonic acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The nematicidal metabolite isolated from the culture filtrate of JCK-4087 was identified as cyclopiazonic acid (CPA).”
e1“tomato roots and soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyclopiazonic acid was isolated from P. commune KACC 45973 filtrate.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- CPAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CPA was isolated from the culture filtrate of P. commune KACC 45973.”
e1“tomato roots and soils”
Claim · model-written summary
CPA killed juveniles of M. incognita with an EC50 of 4.50.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- CPAe0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pathogen
- Outcome
- second-stage juvenilese0
- Direction
- killede0
- Value
- 4.50e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CPA killed the second-stage juveniles of M. incognita, M. hapla , and M. arearia with EC 50–3 days 4.50, 18.82, and 60.51 μg mL –1 , respectively.”
e1“tomato roots and soils”
Claim · model-written summary
CPA killed juveniles of M. hapla with an EC50 of 18.82.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- CPAe0
- Interactor
- M. hapla
Meloidogyne haplae0pathogen - Outcome
- second-stage juvenilese0
- Direction
- killede0
- Value
- 18.82e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CPA killed the second-stage juveniles of M. incognita, M. hapla , and M. arearia with EC 50–3 days 4.50, 18.82, and 60.51 μg mL –1 , respectively.”
e1“tomato roots and soils”
Claim · model-written summary
CPA killed juveniles of M. arearia with an EC50 of 60.51 μg mL –1.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- CPAe0
- Interactor
- M. areariae0pathogen
- Outcome
- second-stage juvenilese0
- Direction
- killede0
- Value
- 60.51 μg mL –1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CPA killed the second-stage juveniles of M. incognita, M. hapla , and M. arearia with EC 50–3 days 4.50, 18.82, and 60.51 μg mL –1 , respectively.”
e1“tomato roots and soils”
Claim · model-written summary
CPA significantly inhibited egg hatch of M. incognita.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- CPAe0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pathogen
- Outcome
- egg hatche0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- after a total of 28 days of treatment with the concentrations > 25 μg mL –1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CPA also significantly inhibited egg hatch of M. incognita and M. hapla after a total of 28 days of treatment with the concentrations > 25 μg mL –1 .”
e1“tomato roots and soils”
Claim · model-written summary
CPA significantly inhibited egg hatch of M. hapla.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- CPAe0
- Interactor
- M. haplaMeloidogyne haplae0pathogen
- Outcome
- egg hatche0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- after a total of 28 days of treatment with the concentrations > 25 μg mL –1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CPA also significantly inhibited egg hatch of M. incognita and M. hapla after a total of 28 days of treatment with the concentrations > 25 μg mL –1 .”
e1“tomato roots and soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized medium produced 381.48 μg mL –1 CPA, 7.88 times the potato dextrose broth culture.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- optimized mediume0
- Outcome
- CPA productione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 381.48 μg mL –1e0
- Qualifier
- 7.88 timese0
- Comparator
- potato dextrose broth culturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest CPA production (381.48 μg mL –1 ) was obtained from the optimized medium, exhibiting an increase of 7.88 times when compared with that from potato dextrose broth culture.”
e1“tomato roots and soils”
Claim · model-written summary
The formulated filtrate extract reduced gall formation on tomato roots.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- wettable power-type formulation of the ethyl acetate extract of the culture filtrate of KACC 45973e0
- Outcome
- gall formatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of the wettable power-type formulation of the ethyl acetate extract of the culture filtrate of KACC 45973 reduced gall formation and nematode populations in tomato roots and soils under greenhouse conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
The formulated filtrate extract reduced nematode populations in tomato roots and soils.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- wettable power-type formulation of the ethyl acetate extract of the culture filtrate of KACC 45973e0
- Outcome
- nematode populationse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of the wettable power-type formulation of the ethyl acetate extract of the culture filtrate of KACC 45973 reduced gall formation and nematode populations in tomato roots and soils under greenhouse conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose CPA as a biochemical nematicide or lead for chemical nematicides.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- biochemical nematicide or a lead molecule for developing chemical nematicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CPA produced by P. commune KACC 45973 can be used as either a biochemical nematicide or a lead molecule for developing chemical nematicides to control root-knot nematodes.”
e1“tomato roots and soils”
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