Abstract
Okra is an important crop species for smallholder farmers in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Its interaction with mycorrhiza has been rarely studied, and little is known about its mycorrhizal dependency, especially under drought stress. In a glasshouse experiment, we investigated the effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF) inoculation on growth, evapotranspiration, mineral nutrition and root morphology of five okra cultivars under ample water and drought stress conditions. ‘Khartoumia’, ‘HSD6719’, ‘HSD7058’, ‘Sarah’ and ‘Clemson Spineless’-cultivars commonly used by farmers in Sudan were chosen for their geographical, morphological and breeding background variations. The plants were either inoculated with R. irregulare or mock-inoculated. Seven weeks after seeding, the soil–water content was either maintained at 20% w/w or reduced to 10% w/w to impose drought stress. Drought stress resulted in plant P deficiency and decreased shoot dry biomass (DB), especially in HSD7058 and Clemson Spineless (69% and 56% decrease in shoot DB, in the respective cultivars). Plant inoculation with AMF greatly enhanced the shoot total content of P and the total DB in all treatments. The mycorrhizal dependency (MD)—the degree of total plant DB change associated with AM colonization—differed among the cultivars, irrespective of the irrigation treatment. Key determinants of MD were the root phenotype traits. Khartoumia (with the highest MD) had the lowest root DB, root-to-shoot ratio, and specific root length (SRL). Meanwhile, HSD6719 (with the lowest MD) had the highest respective root traits. Moreover, our data suggest a relationship between breeding background and MD. The improved cultivar Khartoumia showed the highest MD compared with the wild-type Sarah and the HSD7058 and HSD6719 landraces (higher MD by 46%, 17% and 32%, respectively). Interestingly, the drought-affected HSD7058 and Clemson Spineless exhibited higher MD (by 27% and 15%, respectively) under water-deficiency compared to ample water conditions. In conclusion, the mediation of drought stress in the okra plant species by AMF inoculation is cultivar dependent. The presence of AMF propagules in the field soil might be important for increasing yield production of high MD and drought susceptible cultivars, especially under drought/low P environments.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Drought caused plant phosphorus deficiency in okra.
- Taxon
- Okra
.jpg?width=60)
Abelmoschus esculentust0 - Treatment
- Drought stresse0
- Outcome
- plant P deficiencye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress resulted in plant P deficiency and decreased shoot dry biomass (DB)”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought decreased shoot dry biomass by 69% in HSD7058.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Material
- HSD7058e0
- Treatment
- Drought stresse0
- Outcome
- shoot DBe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 69%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress resulted in plant P deficiency and decreased shoot dry biomass (DB), especially in HSD7058 and Clemson Spineless (69% and 56% decrease in shoot DB, in the respective cultivars)”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought decreased shoot dry biomass by 56% in Clemson Spineless.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Material
- Clemson Spinelesse0
- Treatment
- Drought stresse0
- Outcome
- shoot DBe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 56%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress resulted in plant P deficiency and decreased shoot dry biomass (DB), especially in HSD7058 and Clemson Spineless (69% and 56% decrease in shoot DB, in the respective cultivars)”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation enhanced shoot phosphorus content across treatments.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- inoculation with AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot total content of Pe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- in all treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant inoculation with AMF greatly enhanced the shoot total content of P and the total DB in all treatments”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation enhanced total dry biomass across treatments.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- inoculation with AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- total DBe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- in all treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant inoculation with AMF greatly enhanced the shoot total content of P and the total DB in all treatments”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal dependency differed among okra cultivars irrespective of irrigation.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Material
- cultivarse0
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal dependency (MD)e0
- Direction
- differede0
- Qualifier
- irrespective of the irrigation treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mycorrhizal dependency (MD)—the degree of total plant DB change associated with AM colonization—differed among the cultivars, irrespective of the irrigation treatment”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Root phenotype traits were key determinants of mycorrhizal dependency.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Organ / stage
- root phenotype traitse0
- Outcome
- MDe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Key determinants of MD were the root phenotype traits”
e1“mycorrhizal dependency (MD)”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Khartoumia had the highest mycorrhizal dependency and lowest root dry biomass, root-to-shoot ratio and specific root length.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Material
- Khartoumiae0
- Outcome
- lowest root DB, root-to-shoot ratio, and specific root length (SRL)e0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Khartoumia (with the highest MD) had the lowest root DB, root-to-shoot ratio, and specific root length (SRL)”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
HSD6719 had the lowest mycorrhizal dependency and highest corresponding root traits.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Material
- HSD6719e0
- Outcome
- highest respective root traitse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HSD6719 (with the lowest MD) had the highest respective root traits”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Khartoumia had 46% higher mycorrhizal dependency than Sarah.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Material
- Khartoumiae0
- Outcome
- MDe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 46%e0
- Comparator
- Sarahe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The improved cultivar Khartoumia showed the highest MD compared with the wild-type Sarah and the HSD7058 and HSD6719 landraces (higher MD by 46%, 17% and 32%, respectively)”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Khartoumia had 17% higher mycorrhizal dependency than HSD7058.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Material
- Khartoumiae0
- Outcome
- MDe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 17%e0
- Comparator
- HSD7058e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The improved cultivar Khartoumia showed the highest MD compared with the wild-type Sarah and the HSD7058 and HSD6719 landraces (higher MD by 46%, 17% and 32%, respectively)”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Khartoumia had 32% higher mycorrhizal dependency than HSD6719.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Material
- Khartoumiae0
- Outcome
- MDe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 32%e0
- Comparator
- HSD6719e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The improved cultivar Khartoumia showed the highest MD compared with the wild-type Sarah and the HSD7058 and HSD6719 landraces (higher MD by 46%, 17% and 32%, respectively)”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficiency increased mycorrhizal dependency of HSD7058 by 27% versus ample water.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Material
- HSD7058e0
- Treatment
- water-deficiencye0
- Outcome
- MDe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 27%e0
- Comparator
- ample water conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the drought-affected HSD7058 and Clemson Spineless exhibited higher MD (by 27% and 15%, respectively) under water-deficiency compared to ample water conditions”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficiency increased mycorrhizal dependency of Clemson Spineless by 15% versus ample water.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Material
- Clemson Spinelesse0
- Treatment
- water-deficiencye0
- Outcome
- MDe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 15%e0
- Comparator
- ample water conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the drought-affected HSD7058 and Clemson Spineless exhibited higher MD (by 27% and 15%, respectively) under water-deficiency compared to ample water conditions”
t0“Okra”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF mediation of drought stress in okra depends on cultivar.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Material
- cultivare0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- mediation of drought stresse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mediation of drought stress in the okra plant species by AMF inoculation is cultivar dependent”
Claim · model-written summary
Field AMF propagules may increase yield in high-dependency, drought-susceptible cultivars under drought or low phosphorus.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- increasing yield productione0
- Qualifier
- especially under drought/low P environmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The presence of AMF propagules in the field soil might be important for increasing yield production of high MD and drought susceptible cultivars, especially under drought/low P environments”
e1“okra plant species”
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