Abstract
) in pot experiments in a net house under drought condition. The results showed that the biochar treatment significantly increased plant growth (the plant height by 14.2%, root dry weight by 30.0%) and root morphological traits (projected area by 22.3% and root diameter by 22.7%) under drought stress. In drought stress, biochar treatment significantly enhanced the chlorophyll 'a' content by 32.7%, the AMF spore number by 22.8% and the microbial biomass as compared to the control. Plant growth parameters such as plant height, shoot and root dry weights significantly increased by AMF alone, by 16.6%, 21.0% and 40.0% respectively under drought condition. Other plant biometrics viz: the total root length, the root volume, the projected area and root diameter improved significantly with the application of AMF alone by 38.3%, 60.0%,16.8% and 15.9% respectively as compared with control. Compared to the control, AMF treatment alone significantly enhanced the total chlorophyll content by 36.6%, the AMF spore number by 39.0% and the microbial biomass by 29.0% under drought condition. However, the highest values of plant growth parameters (plant height, shoot dry weight, root dry weight) and root morphological traits (the total root length, root volume, projected area, root surface area) were observed in the combined treatment of biochar and AMF treatment viz: 31.9%, 34.2%, 60.0% and 68.6%, 66.6%, 45.5%, 41.8%, respectively compared to the control under drought stress. The nitrogen content, total chlorophyll content and microbial biomass increased over un-inoculated control. The soil enzymes; alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase and fluorescein diacetate enzyme activities significantly increased in the combined treatment by 55.8%, 68.7% and 69.5%, respectively as compared to the control under drought stress. We conclude that biochar and AMF together is potentially beneficial for cultivation of okra in drought stress conditions.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased okra height by 14.2% under drought.
- Taxon
- Okra
.jpg?width=60)
Abelmoschus esculentust0 - Treatment
- biochar treatmente0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“biochar treatment significantly increased plant growth (the plant height by 14.2%, root dry weight by 30.0%)”
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased okra root dry weight by 30.0%.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- biochar treatmente0
- Outcome
- root dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar treatment significantly increased plant growth (the plant height by 14.2%, root dry weight by 30.0%)”
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased projected root area by 22.3%.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- biochar treatmente1
- Outcome
- projected areae0
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 22.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root morphological traits (projected area by 22.3% and root diameter by 22.7%)”
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
e1“biochar treatment significantly increased plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased root diameter by 22.7%.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- biochar treatmente1
- Outcome
- root diametere0
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 22.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root diameter by 22.7%”
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
e1“biochar treatment significantly increased plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased chlorophyll a content by 32.7%.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- biochar treatmente0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll 'a' contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 32.7%e0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar treatment significantly enhanced the chlorophyll 'a' content by 32.7%”
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
e1“the microbial biomass as compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased AMF spore number by 22.8%.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- biochar treatmente1
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF spore numbere0
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 22.8%e0
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the AMF spore number by 22.8%”
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
e1“biochar treatment significantly enhanced”
e2“the microbial biomass as compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased microbial biomass under drought.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- biochar treatmente0
- Outcome
- microbial biomasse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar treatment significantly enhanced the chlorophyll 'a' content by 32.7%, the AMF spore number by 22.8% and the microbial biomass as compared to the control”
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased height by 16.6%.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- AMF alonee0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant growth parameters such as plant height, shoot and root dry weights significantly increased by AMF alone, by 16.6%, 21.0% and 40.0% respectively”
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased shoot dry weight by 21.0%.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- AMF alonee0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- shoote0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant growth parameters such as plant height, shoot and root dry weights significantly increased by AMF alone, by 16.6%, 21.0% and 40.0% respectively”
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased root dry weight by 40.0%.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- AMF alonee0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- root dry weightse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 40.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant growth parameters such as plant height, shoot and root dry weights significantly increased by AMF alone, by 16.6%, 21.0% and 40.0% respectively”
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased total root length by 38.3%.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- application of AMF alonee0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- total root lengthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 38.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total root length, the root volume, the projected area and root diameter improved significantly with the application of AMF alone by 38.3%, 60.0%,16.8% and 15.9% respectively”
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased root volume by 60.0%.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- application of AMF alonee0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- root volumee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 60.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total root length, the root volume, the projected area and root diameter improved significantly with the application of AMF alone by 38.3%, 60.0%,16.8% and 15.9% respectively”
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased projected area by 16.8%.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- application of AMF alonee0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- projected areae0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 16.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total root length, the root volume, the projected area and root diameter improved significantly with the application of AMF alone by 38.3%, 60.0%,16.8% and 15.9% respectively”
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased root diameter by 15.9%.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- application of AMF alonee0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- root diametere0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 15.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total root length, the root volume, the projected area and root diameter improved significantly with the application of AMF alone by 38.3%, 60.0%,16.8% and 15.9% respectively”
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased total chlorophyll by 36.6%.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- AMF treatment alonee0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 36.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF treatment alone significantly enhanced the total chlorophyll content by 36.6%, the AMF spore number by 39.0% and the microbial biomass by 29.0%”
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased spore number by 39.0%.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- AMF treatment alonee0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF spore numbere0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 39.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF treatment alone significantly enhanced the total chlorophyll content by 36.6%, the AMF spore number by 39.0% and the microbial biomass by 29.0%”
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased microbial biomass by 29.0%.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- AMF treatment alonee0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- microbial biomasse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 29.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF treatment alone significantly enhanced the total chlorophyll content by 36.6%, the AMF spore number by 39.0% and the microbial biomass by 29.0%”
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and AMF gave the highest growth and root morphology values.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- combined treatment of biochar and AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- highest values of plant growth parameterse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest values of plant growth parameters (plant height, shoot dry weight, root dry weight) and root morphological traits (the total root length, root volume, projected area, root surface area) were observed in the combined treatment of biochar and AMF treatment viz: 31.9%, 34.2%, 60.0% and 68.6%, 66.6%, 45.5%, 41.8%, respectively compared to the control under drought stress”
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased nitrogen, chlorophyll, and microbial biomass over uninoculated control.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- combined treatment of biochar and AMFe1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- nitrogen content, total chlorophyll content and microbial biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- un-inoculated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The nitrogen content, total chlorophyll content and microbial biomass increased over un-inoculated control”
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
e1“combined treatment of biochar and AMF treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment significantly increased soil enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- combined treatmente0
- Outcome
- alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase and fluorescein diacetate enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase and fluorescein diacetate enzyme activities significantly increased in the combined treatment by 55.8%, 68.7% and 69.5%, respectively as compared to the control under drought stress”
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
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