Abstract
Optimizing economic benefit while reducing soil CO2 emissions in cropping systems has become the focus of agricultural study. We assessed the influence of short-term straw mulch and no-tillage on soil respiration (Rs), heterotrophic respiration (Rh), and autotrophic respiration (Ra), as well as economic benefit, in a traditional Chinese winterwheat and summermaize rotation system. Combinations of four treatments were tested: NS (no straw), SM (straw mulch), CT (conventional tillage) and NT (no-tillage). For wheat, SM significantly increased Rs in 2019 but significantly decreased Rs in 2020 relative to NS. NT significantly decreased Rs by 5.8% compared to CT from 2019 to 2020. For maize, during all three annual cycles, SM increased Rs relative to NS. NT increased Rs in 2018 with respect to CT but decreased it in 2019 and 2020. From the perspective of annual Rs both wheat and maize, SM increased Rs by 34.8%, 19.8%, and 18.8% in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. NT increased Rs by 4.9%, −1.6%, and −0.7% in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. The lowest annual Rs occurred for SM+NT in 2020. Relative to NS and CT, SM and NT promoted Rh but inhibited Ra for wheat during 2019 and 2020. For maize, SM increased Rh and suppressed Ra while NT had no significant effect on Rh and suppressed Ra. Therefore, SM increased Rs by promoting Rh, while NT decreased Rs by inhibiting Ra. In all treatments, Rh averaged 1.82–3.36 times higher than Ra. Soil temperature had a greater influence on temporal variations in soil respiration than soil moisture. Averaged from 2018 to 2020, the annual economic benefit was increased by 11.7% and 15.3% in SM and NT than NS and CT, respectively. Our results suggest that straw mulch and no-tillage should be promoted as an environment-friendly agroecosystem management practice for wheat and maize, as these practices can achieve a balance between improving economic benefit and reducing soil CO2 emissions, contributing to the mitigation of climate change and the early achievement of carbon neutrality goals.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulch significantly increased wheat soil respiration relative to no straw in 2019.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- SMe0
- Outcome
- Rse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- in 2019e0
- Comparator
- NSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For wheat, SM significantly increased Rs in 2019 but significantly decreased Rs in 2020 relative to NS”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulch significantly decreased wheat soil respiration relative to no straw in 2020.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- SMe0
- Outcome
- Rse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- in 2020e0
- Comparator
- NSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For wheat, SM significantly increased Rs in 2019 but significantly decreased Rs in 2020 relative to NS”
Claim · model-written summary
No-tillage significantly decreased soil respiration by 5.8% compared with conventional tillage from 2019 to 2020.
- Taxon
- wheat–maizeTriticum aestivum
Zea mayst0 - Treatment
- NTe0
- Outcome
- Rse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 5.8%e0
- Qualifier
- from 2019 to 2020e0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“a Chinese wheat–maize cropping system”
e0“NT significantly decreased Rs by 5.8% compared to CT from 2019 to 2020”
Claim · model-written summary
For maize, straw mulch increased soil respiration relative to no straw during all three annual cycles.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For maize, during all three annual cycles, SM increased Rs relative to NS”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulch increased annual soil respiration by 34.8% in 2018 in wheat and maize.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayse0
- Treatment
- SMe0
- Outcome
- annual Rse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 34.8%e0
- Qualifier
- 2018e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“From the perspective of annual Rs both wheat and maize, SM increased Rs by 34.8%, 19.8%, and 18.8% in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulch increased annual soil respiration by 19.8% in 2019 in wheat and maize.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayse0
- Treatment
- SMe0
- Outcome
- annual Rse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 19.8%e0
- Qualifier
- 2019e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“From the perspective of annual Rs both wheat and maize, SM increased Rs by 34.8%, 19.8%, and 18.8% in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulch increased annual soil respiration by 18.8% in 2020 in wheat and maize.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayse0
- Treatment
- SMe0
- Outcome
- annual Rse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 18.8%e0
- Qualifier
- 2020e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“From the perspective of annual Rs both wheat and maize, SM increased Rs by 34.8%, 19.8%, and 18.8% in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
No-tillage increased annual soil respiration by 4.9% in 2018 relative to conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- wheat–maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- NTe0
- Outcome
- Rse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.9%e0
- Qualifier
- 2018e0
- Comparator
- CTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“a Chinese wheat–maize cropping system”
e0“NT increased Rs by 4.9%, −1.6%, and −0.7% in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively”
e1“NT increased Rs in 2018 with respect to CT but decreased it in 2019 and 2020”
Claim · model-written summary
No-tillage decreased annual soil respiration by 1.6% in 2019 relative to conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- wheat–maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- NTe0
- Outcome
- Rse0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- −1.6%e0
- Qualifier
- 2019e0
- Comparator
- CTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“a Chinese wheat–maize cropping system”
e0“NT increased Rs by 4.9%, −1.6%, and −0.7% in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively”
e1“NT increased Rs in 2018 with respect to CT but decreased it in 2019 and 2020”
Claim · model-written summary
No-tillage decreased annual soil respiration by 0.7% in 2020 relative to conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- wheat–maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- NTe0
- Outcome
- Rse0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- −0.7%e0
- Qualifier
- 2020e0
- Comparator
- CTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“a Chinese wheat–maize cropping system”
e0“NT increased Rs by 4.9%, −1.6%, and −0.7% in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively”
e1“NT increased Rs in 2018 with respect to CT but decreased it in 2019 and 2020”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest annual soil respiration occurred under straw mulch combined with no-tillage in 2020.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“a Chinese wheat–maize cropping system”
e0“The lowest annual Rs occurred for SM+NT in 2020”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulch and no-tillage promoted heterotrophic respiration in wheat relative to no straw and conventional tillage during 2019 and 2020.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- SM and NTe0
- Outcome
- Rhe0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- during 2019 and 2020e0
- Comparator
- NS and CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relative to NS and CT, SM and NT promoted Rh but inhibited Ra for wheat during 2019 and 2020”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulch and no-tillage inhibited autotrophic respiration in wheat relative to no straw and conventional tillage during 2019 and 2020.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- SM and NTe0
- Outcome
- Rae0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- during 2019 and 2020e0
- Comparator
- NS and CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relative to NS and CT, SM and NT promoted Rh but inhibited Ra for wheat during 2019 and 2020”
Claim · model-written summary
For maize, straw mulch increased heterotrophic respiration and suppressed autotrophic respiration, while no-tillage had no significant effect on heterotrophic respiration but suppressed autotrophic respiration.
- Treatment
- SMe0
- Outcome
- Rhe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- NT had no significant effect on Rh and suppressed Rae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For maize, SM increased Rh and suppressed Ra while NT had no significant effect on Rh and suppressed Ra”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulch increased soil respiration by promoting heterotrophic respiration, while no-tillage decreased it by inhibiting autotrophic respiration.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“a Chinese wheat–maize cropping system”
e0“Therefore, SM increased Rs by promoting Rh, while NT decreased Rs by inhibiting Ra”
Claim · model-written summary
Heterotrophic respiration averaged 1.82–3.36 times higher than autotrophic respiration across all treatments.
- Taxon
- wheat–maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Outcome
- Rhe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.82–3.36 timese0
- Comparator
- Rae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“a Chinese wheat–maize cropping system”
e0“In all treatments, Rh averaged 1.82–3.36 times higher than Ra”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil temperature had a greater influence on temporal variations in soil respiration than soil moisture.
- Taxon
- wheat–maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- Soil temperaturee0
- Outcome
- temporal variations in soil respiratione0
- Comparator
- soil moisturee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“a Chinese wheat–maize cropping system”
e0“Soil temperature had a greater influence on temporal variations in soil respiration than soil moisture”
Claim · model-written summary
Averaged over 2018 to 2020, straw mulch increased annual economic benefit by 11.7% relative to no straw.
- Taxon
- wheat–maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- SMe0
- Outcome
- annual economic benefite0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11.7%e0
- Qualifier
- Averaged from 2018 to 2020e0
- Comparator
- NSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“a Chinese wheat–maize cropping system”
e0“Averaged from 2018 to 2020, the annual economic benefit was increased by 11.7% and 15.3% in SM and NT than NS and CT, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Averaged over 2018 to 2020, no-tillage increased annual economic benefit by 15.3% relative to conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- wheat–maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- NTe0
- Outcome
- annual economic benefite0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15.3%e0
- Qualifier
- Averaged from 2018 to 2020e0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“a Chinese wheat–maize cropping system”
e0“Averaged from 2018 to 2020, the annual economic benefit was increased by 11.7% and 15.3% in SM and NT than NS and CT, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulch and no-tillage should be promoted as an environment-friendly agroecosystem management practice for wheat and maize.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayse0
- Treatment
- straw mulch and no-tillagee0
- Outcome
- promoted as an environment-friendly agroecosystem management practicee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results suggest that straw mulch and no-tillage should be promoted as an environment-friendly agroecosystem management practice for wheat and maize”
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