Abstract
The two pod borers Helicoverpa armigera Hubner and Etiella zinckenella Treitschke are the most destructive insect pests which infest several crops of leguminosae in Egypt. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of some relatively safe compounds beside the conventional pesticides for control of these pests on cowpea, Vigna ungiculata under the conditions of newly reclaimed regions. The results revealed that most of the treatments were able to suppress the levels of infestation to different degrees according to the nature of the tested compounds and the number of sprays applied. Application of non-traditional compounds such as thiamethoxam (neonicotinoid group) or Indoxacarb (oxadiazine group) significantly reduced the larval populations of H. armigera by 76 and 70% and E. zinkenella by 58 and 55%, respectively. Plots sprayed with methoxyfenozide (non-steroid ecdysone agonist )provided satisfactory control (60% reduction) against H. armigera population while exerted weak activity(< 26%) against E. zinkenella population. On the other hand, the potency of the common neurotoxic pesticides; chlorpyrifos (organophosphate) or cypermethrin (pyrethroid) were still the most effective pesticides against both species giving 76-81% reduction in infestation. However, all the tested pesticides and the rates used had low residual effect against the two insects and thus, weekly applications to protect the plants of new insect attack were necessary. The treatments received six applications, throughout the entire season, effectively contained the damage caused by pest population more than those received four or two applications. At harvest, high grain yield was obtained in the plots treated 6 times with the tested compounds. In general, Chlorpyrifos was the superior compound being registered (45.9%) increase in yield over the untreated control value, followed by Thiamethoxam (41.6%), Indoxacarb (39.0%), Cypermethrin (38.8%) then Methoxyfenozide (33.9%). Moreover, remarkable elevation in the percentages of damaged grains (~ 28.0%) was recorded in all treatments sprayed twice throughout the season, while the corresponding values in those received 6 applications were restricted within 13.6-16.4%. The effectiveness and moderate persistence of such new compounds, beside their low mammalian toxicity make them promising agents when used alone or with other control measures on cowpea plantations.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Thiamethoxam significantly reduced H. armigera larval populations by 76% on cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpea
Vigna unguiculatat0 - Treatment
- thiamethoxame1
- Interactor
- H. armigera
_gusano_cogollero.png?width=60)
Helicoverpa armigerae1pest - Outcome
- larval populations of H. armigerae1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 76e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_gusano_cogollero.png?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“INFESTING COWPEA”
e1“thiamethoxam (neonicotinoid group) or Indoxacarb (oxadiazine group) significantly reduced the larval populations of H. armigera by 76 and 70%”
Claim · model-written summary
Indoxacarb significantly reduced H. armigera larval populations by 70% on cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Indoxacarbe1
- Interactor
- H. armigeraHelicoverpa armigerae1pest
- Outcome
- larval populations of H. armigerae1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 70%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“INFESTING COWPEA”
e1“thiamethoxam (neonicotinoid group) or Indoxacarb (oxadiazine group) significantly reduced the larval populations of H. armigera by 76 and 70%”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiamethoxam significantly reduced E. zinkenella larval populations by 58% on cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- thiamethoxame1
- Interactor
- E. zinkenellae2pest
- Outcome
- larval populationse2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 58e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“INFESTING COWPEA”
e1“thiamethoxam (neonicotinoid group) or Indoxacarb (oxadiazine group) significantly reduced the larval populations of H. armigera by 76 and 70%”
e2“reduced the larval populations of H. armigera by 76 and 70% and E. zinkenella by 58 and 55%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Indoxacarb significantly reduced E. zinkenella larval populations by 55% on cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Indoxacarbe1
- Interactor
- E. zinkenellae2pest
- Outcome
- larval populationse2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 55%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“INFESTING COWPEA”
e1“thiamethoxam (neonicotinoid group) or Indoxacarb (oxadiazine group) significantly reduced the larval populations of H. armigera by 76 and 70%”
e2“reduced the larval populations of H. armigera by 76 and 70% and E. zinkenella by 58 and 55%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Methoxyfenozide provided satisfactory control of H. armigera population (60% reduction) on cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- methoxyfenozidee3
- Interactor
- H. armigeraHelicoverpa armigerae3pest
- Outcome
- H. armigera populatione3
- Direction
- satisfactory controle3
- Value
- 60%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“INFESTING COWPEA”
e3“Plots sprayed with methoxyfenozide (non-steroid ecdysone agonist )provided satisfactory control (60% reduction) against H. armigera population”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorpyrifos or cypermethrin were the most effective pesticides, giving 76-81% reduction in infestation on cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- chlorpyrifos (organophosphate) or cypermethrin (pyrethroid)e5
- Outcome
- infestatione5
- Direction
- reductione5
- Value
- 76-81%e5
- Qualifier
- most effective pesticidese5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“INFESTING COWPEA”
e5“chlorpyrifos (organophosphate) or cypermethrin (pyrethroid) were still the most effective pesticides against both species giving 76-81% reduction in infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
All tested pesticides and rates had low residual effect against the two insects on cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- all the tested pesticides and the rates usede6
- Outcome
- residual effecte6
- Direction
- lowe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“INFESTING COWPEA”
e6“all the tested pesticides and the rates used had low residual effect against the two insects”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors state that weekly applications were necessary to protect cowpea plants from new insect attack.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Outcome
- weekly applications to protect the plants of new insect attacke7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“INFESTING COWPEA”
e7“weekly applications to protect the plants of new insect attack were necessary”
Claim · model-written summary
Six applications effectively contained pest damage on cowpea more than four or two applications.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- six applicationse0
- Outcome
- damage caused by pest populatione0
- Direction
- effectively containede0
- Comparator
- four or two applicationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“INFESTING COWPEA”
e0“The treatments received six applications, throughout the entire season, effectively contained the damage caused by pest population more than those received four or two applications”
Claim · model-written summary
Plots treated six times with the tested compounds gave high grain yield on cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- treated 6 times with the tested compoundse1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- highe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“INFESTING COWPEA”
e1“At harvest, high grain yield was obtained in the plots treated 6 times with the tested compounds”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorpyrifos gave a 45.9% yield increase over the untreated control on cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Chlorpyrifose1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 45.9%e1
- Comparator
- untreated control valuee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“INFESTING COWPEA”
e1“Chlorpyrifos was the superior compound being registered (45.9%) increase in yield over the untreated control value, followed by Thiamethoxam (41.6%), Indoxacarb (39.0%), Cypermethrin (38.8%) then Methoxyfenozide (33.9%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiamethoxam gave a 41.6% yield increase over the untreated control on cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Thiamethoxame1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 41.6%e1
- Comparator
- untreated control valuee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“INFESTING COWPEA”
e1“Chlorpyrifos was the superior compound being registered (45.9%) increase in yield over the untreated control value, followed by Thiamethoxam (41.6%), Indoxacarb (39.0%), Cypermethrin (38.8%) then Methoxyfenozide (33.9%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Indoxacarb gave a 39.0% yield increase over the untreated control on cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Indoxacarbe1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 39.0%e1
- Comparator
- untreated control valuee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“INFESTING COWPEA”
e1“Chlorpyrifos was the superior compound being registered (45.9%) increase in yield over the untreated control value, followed by Thiamethoxam (41.6%), Indoxacarb (39.0%), Cypermethrin (38.8%) then Methoxyfenozide (33.9%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cypermethrin gave a 38.8% yield increase over the untreated control on cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Cypermethrine1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 38.8%e1
- Comparator
- untreated control valuee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“INFESTING COWPEA”
e1“Chlorpyrifos was the superior compound being registered (45.9%) increase in yield over the untreated control value, followed by Thiamethoxam (41.6%), Indoxacarb (39.0%), Cypermethrin (38.8%) then Methoxyfenozide (33.9%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Methoxyfenozide gave a 33.9% yield increase over the untreated control on cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Methoxyfenozidee1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 33.9%e1
- Comparator
- untreated control valuee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“INFESTING COWPEA”
e1“Chlorpyrifos was the superior compound being registered (45.9%) increase in yield over the untreated control value, followed by Thiamethoxam (41.6%), Indoxacarb (39.0%), Cypermethrin (38.8%) then Methoxyfenozide (33.9%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments sprayed twice raised the percentage of damaged grains to about 28.0% on cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- sprayed twice throughout the seasone1
- Outcome
- percentages of damaged grainse1
- Direction
- elevatione1
- Value
- ~ 28.0%e1
- Comparator
- those received 6 applicationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“INFESTING COWPEA”
e1“remarkable elevation in the percentages of damaged grains (~ 28.0%) was recorded in all treatments sprayed twice throughout the season, while the corresponding values in those received 6 applications were restricted within 13.6-16.4%”
Claim · model-written summary
Six applications restricted the percentage of damaged grains to 13.6-16.4% on cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- received 6 applicationse1
- Outcome
- percentages of damaged grainse1
- Direction
- restricted withine1
- Value
- 13.6-16.4%e1
- Comparator
- sprayed twice throughout the seasone1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“INFESTING COWPEA”
e1“remarkable elevation in the percentages of damaged grains (~ 28.0%) was recorded in all treatments sprayed twice throughout the season, while the corresponding values in those received 6 applications were restricted within 13.6-16.4%”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors consider these new compounds promising agents for pod borer control on cowpea plantations.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Outcome
- promising agentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“make them promising agents when used alone or with other control measures on cowpea plantations”
The same questions in other papers
thiamethoxam · Helicoverpa armigera · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
thiamethoxam · pest · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
indoxacarb · Helicoverpa armigera · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
indoxacarb · pest · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
chlorpyrifos · yield · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
indoxacarb · yield · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →chlorpyrifos · pest · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →thiamethoxam · yield · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.