Abstract
Phytoplasmas are economically important plant pathogenic bacterial diseases, causing severe yield losses worldwide. In this study, we tested nanoformulations such as glycyrrhizic acid ammonium salt (GAS), salicylic acid (SA), and boric acid (BA) as novel antimicrobial agents inducing the resistance against the phytoplasma disease in faba bean. The nanoparticles (NP) were foliar-applied to naturally phytoplasma-infected faba bean with three concentrations from each of SA, GAS, and BA, under field conditions. Nested PCR (using universal primer pairs P1/P7 and R16F2n/R16R2) were reacted positively with all symptomatic samples and gave a product size of approximately 1200 bp, while the healthy plant gave no results. Transmission electron microscopy examinations of phytoplasma-infected faba bean plants treated with different nanoparticles revealed that severe damage occurred in phytoplasma particle's structure, degradation, malformation, lysis in the cell membrane, and the cytoplasmic leakage followed by complete lysis of phytoplasma cells. Exogenous application of GAS-NP (1.68 µM), SA-NP (0.28 µM), and BA-NP (0.124 µM) suppressed the infection percentage of phytoplasma by 75%, 50%, and 20%, and the disease severity by 84%, 64%, and 54%, respectively. Foliar application of nanoparticles improved Fv/Fm (maximum quantum efficiency of PSII Photochemistry), PI (the performance index), SPAD chlorophyll (the relative chlorophyll content), shoots height, and leaves number, thus inducing recovery of the plant biomass and green pods yield. The most effective treatment was GAS-NP at 1.68 µM that mediated substantial increases in the shoots' fresh weight, shoots' dry weight, number of pods per plant, and green pods yield by 230%, 244%, 202% and 178%, respectively, compared to those of infected plants not sprayed with nanoparticles. This study demonstrated the utility of using nanoparticles, particularly GAS-NP at 1.68 µM to suppress the phytoplasma infection.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Nested PCR detected phytoplasma in symptomatic faba bean samples but not healthy plants.
- Taxon
- Faba Bean
Vicia fabat0 - Outcome
- reacted positively with all symptomatic samplese0
- Value
- approximately 1200 bpe0
- Comparator
- healthy plante0
Not reportedInteractor
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nested PCR (using universal primer pairs P1/P7 and R16F2n/R16R2) were reacted positively with all symptomatic samples and gave a product size of approximately 1200 bp, while the healthy plant gave no results.”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticle treatment severely damaged and lysed phytoplasma cells in infected faba bean.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- different nanoparticlese0
- Interactor
- phytoplasma
Candidatus Phytoplasmae0pathogen - Outcome
- severe damage occurred in phytoplasma particle's structure, degradation, malformation, lysis in the cell membrane, and the cytoplasmic leakage followed by complete lysis of phytoplasma cellse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transmission electron microscopy examinations of phytoplasma-infected faba bean plants treated with different nanoparticles revealed that severe damage occurred in phytoplasma particle's structure, degradation, malformation, lysis in the cell membrane, and the cytoplasmic leakage followed by complete lysis of phytoplasma cells.”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of GAS-NP (1.68 µM) suppressed infection percentage of phytoplasma by 75%.
- Taxon
- Faba BeanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- GAS-NP (1.68 µM)e0
- Interactor
- phytoplasmaCandidatus Phytoplasmae0pathogen
- Outcome
- infection percentage of phytoplasmae0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 75%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous application of GAS-NP (1.68 µM), SA-NP (0.28 µM), and BA-NP (0.124 µM) suppressed the infection percentage of phytoplasma by 75%, 50%, and 20%, and the disease severity by 84%, 64%, and 54%, respectively.”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of GAS-NP (1.68 µM) suppressed disease severity by 84%.
- Taxon
- Faba BeanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- GAS-NP (1.68 µM)e0
- Interactor
- phytoplasmaCandidatus Phytoplasmae0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 84%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous application of GAS-NP (1.68 µM), SA-NP (0.28 µM), and BA-NP (0.124 µM) suppressed the infection percentage of phytoplasma by 75%, 50%, and 20%, and the disease severity by 84%, 64%, and 54%, respectively.”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of SA-NP (0.28 µM) suppressed infection percentage of phytoplasma by 50%.
- Taxon
- Faba BeanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- SA-NP (0.28 µM)e0
- Interactor
- phytoplasmaCandidatus Phytoplasmae0pathogen
- Outcome
- infection percentage of phytoplasmae0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous application of GAS-NP (1.68 µM), SA-NP (0.28 µM), and BA-NP (0.124 µM) suppressed the infection percentage of phytoplasma by 75%, 50%, and 20%, and the disease severity by 84%, 64%, and 54%, respectively.”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of SA-NP (0.28 µM) suppressed disease severity by 64%.
- Taxon
- Faba BeanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- SA-NP (0.28 µM)e0
- Interactor
- phytoplasmaCandidatus Phytoplasmae0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 64%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous application of GAS-NP (1.68 µM), SA-NP (0.28 µM), and BA-NP (0.124 µM) suppressed the infection percentage of phytoplasma by 75%, 50%, and 20%, and the disease severity by 84%, 64%, and 54%, respectively.”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of BA-NP (0.124 µM) suppressed infection percentage of phytoplasma by 20%.
- Taxon
- Faba BeanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- BA-NP (0.124 µM)e0
- Interactor
- phytoplasmaCandidatus Phytoplasmae0pathogen
- Outcome
- infection percentage of phytoplasmae0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 20%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous application of GAS-NP (1.68 µM), SA-NP (0.28 µM), and BA-NP (0.124 µM) suppressed the infection percentage of phytoplasma by 75%, 50%, and 20%, and the disease severity by 84%, 64%, and 54%, respectively.”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of BA-NP (0.124 µM) suppressed disease severity by 54%.
- Taxon
- Faba BeanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- BA-NP (0.124 µM)e0
- Interactor
- phytoplasmaCandidatus Phytoplasmae0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 54%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous application of GAS-NP (1.68 µM), SA-NP (0.28 µM), and BA-NP (0.124 µM) suppressed the infection percentage of phytoplasma by 75%, 50%, and 20%, and the disease severity by 84%, 64%, and 54%, respectively.”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nanoparticles improved Fv/Fm in infected faba bean.
- Taxon
- Faba BeanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of nanoparticlese0
- Outcome
- Fv/Fme0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of nanoparticles improved Fv/Fm (maximum quantum efficiency of PSII Photochemistry), PI (the performance index), SPAD chlorophyll (the relative chlorophyll content), shoots height, and leaves number, thus inducing recovery of the plant biomass and green pods yield.”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nanoparticles improved PI in infected faba bean.
- Taxon
- Faba BeanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of nanoparticlese0
- Outcome
- PIe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of nanoparticles improved Fv/Fm (maximum quantum efficiency of PSII Photochemistry), PI (the performance index), SPAD chlorophyll (the relative chlorophyll content), shoots height, and leaves number, thus inducing recovery of the plant biomass and green pods yield.”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nanoparticles improved SPAD chlorophyll in infected faba bean.
- Taxon
- Faba BeanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of nanoparticlese0
- Outcome
- SPAD chlorophylle0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of nanoparticles improved Fv/Fm (maximum quantum efficiency of PSII Photochemistry), PI (the performance index), SPAD chlorophyll (the relative chlorophyll content), shoots height, and leaves number, thus inducing recovery of the plant biomass and green pods yield.”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nanoparticles improved shoots height in infected faba bean.
- Taxon
- Faba BeanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of nanoparticlese0
- Outcome
- shoots heighte0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of nanoparticles improved Fv/Fm (maximum quantum efficiency of PSII Photochemistry), PI (the performance index), SPAD chlorophyll (the relative chlorophyll content), shoots height, and leaves number, thus inducing recovery of the plant biomass and green pods yield.”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nanoparticles improved leaves number in infected faba bean.
- Taxon
- Faba BeanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of nanoparticlese0
- Outcome
- leaves numbere0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of nanoparticles improved Fv/Fm (maximum quantum efficiency of PSII Photochemistry), PI (the performance index), SPAD chlorophyll (the relative chlorophyll content), shoots height, and leaves number, thus inducing recovery of the plant biomass and green pods yield.”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nanoparticles improved plant biomass in infected faba bean.
- Taxon
- Faba BeanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of nanoparticlese0
- Outcome
- plant biomasse0
- Direction
- recoverye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of nanoparticles improved Fv/Fm (maximum quantum efficiency of PSII Photochemistry), PI (the performance index), SPAD chlorophyll (the relative chlorophyll content), shoots height, and leaves number, thus inducing recovery of the plant biomass and green pods yield.”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nanoparticles improved green pods yield in infected faba bean.
- Taxon
- Faba BeanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of nanoparticlese0
- Outcome
- green pods yielde0
- Direction
- recoverye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of nanoparticles improved Fv/Fm (maximum quantum efficiency of PSII Photochemistry), PI (the performance index), SPAD chlorophyll (the relative chlorophyll content), shoots height, and leaves number, thus inducing recovery of the plant biomass and green pods yield.”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
GAS-NP increased shoots' fresh weight by 230% relative to unsprayed infected plants.
- Taxon
- Faba BeanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- GAS-NP at 1.68 µMe0
- Outcome
- shoots' fresh weighte0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 230%e0
- Comparator
- infected plants not sprayed with nanoparticlese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most effective treatment was GAS-NP at 1.68 µM that mediated substantial increases in the shoots' fresh weight, shoots' dry weight, number of pods per plant, and green pods yield by 230%, 244%, 202% and 178%, respectively, compared to those of infected plants not sprayed with nanoparticles.”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
GAS-NP increased shoots' dry weight by 244% relative to unsprayed infected plants.
- Taxon
- Faba BeanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- GAS-NP at 1.68 µMe0
- Outcome
- shoots' dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 244%e0
- Comparator
- infected plants not sprayed with nanoparticlese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most effective treatment was GAS-NP at 1.68 µM that mediated substantial increases in the shoots' fresh weight, shoots' dry weight, number of pods per plant, and green pods yield by 230%, 244%, 202% and 178%, respectively, compared to those of infected plants not sprayed with nanoparticles.”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
GAS-NP increased number of pods per plant by 202% relative to unsprayed infected plants.
- Taxon
- Faba BeanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- GAS-NP at 1.68 µMe0
- Outcome
- number of pods per plante0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 202%e0
- Comparator
- infected plants not sprayed with nanoparticlese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most effective treatment was GAS-NP at 1.68 µM that mediated substantial increases in the shoots' fresh weight, shoots' dry weight, number of pods per plant, and green pods yield by 230%, 244%, 202% and 178%, respectively, compared to those of infected plants not sprayed with nanoparticles.”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
GAS-NP increased green pods yield by 178% relative to unsprayed infected plants.
- Taxon
- Faba BeanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- GAS-NP at 1.68 µMe0
- Outcome
- green pods yielde0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 178%e0
- Comparator
- infected plants not sprayed with nanoparticlese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most effective treatment was GAS-NP at 1.68 µM that mediated substantial increases in the shoots' fresh weight, shoots' dry weight, number of pods per plant, and green pods yield by 230%, 244%, 202% and 178%, respectively, compared to those of infected plants not sprayed with nanoparticles.”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify GAS-NP at 1.68 µM as especially useful to suppress phytoplasma infection.
- Taxon
- Faba BeanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- GAS-NP at 1.68 µMe0
- Interactor
- phytoplasmaCandidatus Phytoplasmae0pathogen
- Outcome
- suppress the phytoplasma infectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study demonstrated the utility of using nanoparticles, particularly GAS-NP at 1.68 µM to suppress the phytoplasma infection.”
t0“Faba Bean”
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