Abstract
The amendment of biochar has been proposed to improve soil fertility and crop yield. However, consolidated information lacks explaining the role of biochar on soil and plant enzymatic activities involved in nutrients cycling in soil and accumulation in plants improving utilization of applied inorganic fertilizer and crop growth. In the current study, we evaluated the integral effects of biochar levels (B0:0, B15:15, B3:30, and B60:60 t ha –1 ) and nitrogen fertilizer levels (N0:0, N75:75, N225:225, and N450:450 kg ha –1 ) on soil physicochemical properties, enzymatic activities, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and grain yield of rapeseed for 2 years in the pots during 2020 and 2021. The findings revealed that compared to control (B0 + N0), a combination of B30 + N450 increased soil urease activity by 73 and 75%, and B60 + N450 increased activities of soil catalase by 17 and 16%, and B60 + N225 increased alkaline phosphatase by 17 and 19%, respectively, in the first and second year. Moreover, a single application of high nitrogen at 450 kg ha –1 reduced the activities of plant nitrogen metabolism-related enzymes, however; the integration of biochar at 30 t ha –1 compensated the high nitrogen toxicity and improved the activities of nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase NIR, glutamate synthase (GS) and glutamine synthetase (GOGAT) at seedling stage (SS) and flowering stage (FS) in both years. The integration of biochar at 30 t ha –1 with nitrogen at 450 kg ha –1 induced synergetic effects on rapeseed growth through sorption of excessive nitrogen in soil and significantly improved the plant height up to 11 and 18%, pods plant –1 39 and 32% and grain yield plant –1 54 and 64%, respectively, during the first and second year. Moreover, biochar at 15 t ha –1 along with nitrogen at 225 kg ha –1 resulted in the highest NUE of 29% in both years suggesting that biochar can also offset the deficiency of lower nitrogen. This study highlighted the ameliorative effect of biochar suppressing high nitrogen toxicity and decreasing lower nitrogen deficiency effects on rapeseed growth by improving nitrogen use efficiency via enhancing soil conditions, enzymatic activities and soil nitrogen utilization potential and thus improving rapeseed growth and yield.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
B30 plus N450 increased soil urease activity by 73% and 75% in the two years relative to control.
- Treatment
- B30 + N450e0
- Outcome
- soil urease activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 73 and 75%e0
- Comparator
- B0 + N0e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“compared to control (B0 + N0), a combination of B30 + N450 increased soil urease activity by 73 and 75%”
Claim · model-written summary
B60 plus N450 increased soil catalase activity by 17% and 16% in the two years relative to control.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“compared to control (B0 + N0), a combination of B30 + N450 increased soil urease activity by 73 and 75%, and B60 + N450 increased activities of soil catalase by 17 and 16%”
Claim · model-written summary
B60 plus N225 increased alkaline phosphatase activity by 17% and 19% in the two years relative to control.
- Treatment
- B60 + N225e0
- Outcome
- alkaline phosphatasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17 and 19%e0
- Comparator
- B0 + N0e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“compared to control (B0 + N0), a combination of B30 + N450 increased soil urease activity by 73 and 75%, and B60 + N450 increased activities of soil catalase by 17 and 16%, and B60 + N225 increased alkaline phosphatase by 17 and 19%”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen at 450 kg ha –1 reduced plant nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities.
- Treatment
- high nitrogen at 450 kg ha –1e0
- Outcome
- activities of plant nitrogen metabolism-related enzymese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“a single application of high nitrogen at 450 kg ha –1 reduced the activities of plant nitrogen metabolism-related enzymes”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar at 30 t ha –1 improved nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities at seedling and flowering stages under high nitrogen.
- Organ / stage
- seedling stage (SS) and flowering stage (FS)e0
- Treatment
- biochar at 30 t ha –1e0
- Outcome
- activities of nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase NIRe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“the integration of biochar at 30 t ha –1 compensated the high nitrogen toxicity and improved the activities of nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase NIR, glutamate synthase (GS) and glutamine synthetase (GOGAT) at seedling stage (SS) and flowering stage (FS) in both years”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar at 30 t ha –1 improved glutamate synthase and glutamine synthetase activities under high nitrogen.
- Treatment
- biochar at 30 t ha –1e0
- Outcome
- glutamate synthase (GS) and glutamine synthetase (GOGAT)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“biochar at 30 t ha –1 compensated the high nitrogen toxicity and improved the activities of nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase NIR, glutamate synthase (GS) and glutamine synthetase (GOGAT) at seedling stage (SS) and flowering stage (FS) in both years”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar at 30 t ha –1 with nitrogen at 450 kg ha –1 improved rapeseed height by up to 11% and 18% in the two years.
- Taxon
- rapeseede0
- Treatment
- biochar at 30 t ha –1 with nitrogen at 450 kg ha –1e0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 11 and 18%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“biochar at 30 t ha –1 with nitrogen at 450 kg ha –1 induced synergetic effects on rapeseed growth through sorption of excessive nitrogen in soil and significantly improved the plant height up to 11 and 18%”
Claim · model-written summary
The same biochar and nitrogen combination improved pods per plant by 39% and 32% in the two years.
- Taxon
- rapeseede0
- Treatment
- biochar at 30 t ha –1 with nitrogen at 450 kg ha –1e0
- Outcome
- pods plant –1e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 39 and 32%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“biochar at 30 t ha –1 with nitrogen at 450 kg ha –1 induced synergetic effects on rapeseed growth through sorption of excessive nitrogen in soil and significantly improved the plant height up to 11 and 18%, pods plant –1 39 and 32%”
Claim · model-written summary
The same biochar and nitrogen combination improved grain yield per plant by 54% and 64% in the two years.
- Taxon
- rapeseede0
- Treatment
- biochar at 30 t ha –1 with nitrogen at 450 kg ha –1e0
- Outcome
- grain yield plant –1e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 54 and 64%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“biochar at 30 t ha –1 with nitrogen at 450 kg ha –1 induced synergetic effects on rapeseed growth through sorption of excessive nitrogen in soil and significantly improved the plant height up to 11 and 18%, pods plant –1 39 and 32% and grain yield plant –1 54 and 64%”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar at 15 t ha –1 with nitrogen at 225 kg ha –1 produced the highest nitrogen use efficiency, 29% in both years.
- Treatment
- biochar at 15 t ha –1 along with nitrogen at 225 kg ha –1e0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 29%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“biochar at 15 t ha –1 along with nitrogen at 225 kg ha –1 resulted in the highest NUE of 29% in both years”
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