Abstract
New farming techniques should be introduced to improve yield quality and quantity while taking preservation of the environment into consideration. This study investigated effectiveness of cattle dung biogas digestate on spinach growth and nutrient uptake. Spinach was grown with cattle dung biogas digestate (BD), inorganic fertiliser (IF) and unfertilised control (CO) treatments under complete randomised design field conditions. Spinach planted under BD showed significantly higher growth in terms of plant height and number of leaves compared to spinach under CO and IF. A linear relationship between leaf numbers and leaf area index (LAI) (R2 0.691, p < 0.0001) was established for the study. Cattle dung biogas digestate (BD) plants produced significantly the longest roots followed by IF plants. The IF plants produced more biomass per rooting depth (0.85 g cm−1) than BD (0.61 g cm−1) and CO (0.35 g cm−1). Regarding macronutrient content of the spinach leaves, significant differences were only observed for potassium (K) in the order of IF (8.6 g kg−1), BD (6.8 g kg−1), and CO (6.7 g kg−1). Significantly higher amounts of zinc (Zn2+) accumulated in spinach leaves under BD compared to IF and CO. Fertilising spinach with BD improves growth and development just as much as IF. Additional benefits include improving nutrient content of the spinach, assisting with environmental preservation and decreasing production cost.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Spinach under cattle dung biogas digestate (BD) showed significantly higher plant height and number of leaves than spinach under the unfertilised control (CO) and inorganic fertiliser (IF).
- Taxon
- Spinach
Spinacia oleraceae0 - Treatment
- BDe0
- Outcome
- plant height and number of leavese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- CO and IFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spinach planted under BD showed significantly higher growth in terms of plant height and number of leaves compared to spinach under CO and IF”
Claim · model-written summary
A linear relationship between leaf numbers and leaf area index was established for spinach (R2 0.691, p < 0.0001).
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Outcome
- leaf area index (LAI)e0
- Value
- R2 0.691e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach”
e0“A linear relationship between leaf numbers and leaf area index (LAI) (R2 0.691, p < 0.0001) was established for the study”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinach plants under cattle dung biogas digestate produced significantly the longest roots, followed by inorganic fertiliser plants.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Cattle dung biogas digestate (BD)e0
- Outcome
- longest rootse0
- Direction
- longeste0
- Comparator
- IF plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach”
e0“Cattle dung biogas digestate (BD) plants produced significantly the longest roots followed by IF plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Inorganic fertiliser plants produced more biomass per rooting depth (0.85 g cm−1) than BD (0.61 g cm−1) and CO (0.35 g cm−1).
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- IFe0
- Outcome
- biomass per rooting depthe0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 0.85 g cm−1e0
- Qualifier
- BD (0.61 g cm−1) and CO (0.35 g cm−1)e0
- Comparator
- BDe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach”
e0“The IF plants produced more biomass per rooting depth (0.85 g cm−1) than BD (0.61 g cm−1) and CO (0.35 g cm−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Among macronutrients in spinach leaves, only potassium differed significantly, with IF 8.6 g kg−1, BD 6.8 g kg−1 and CO 6.7 g kg−1.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- potassium (K)e0
- Value
- IF (8.6 g kg−1), BD (6.8 g kg−1), and CO (6.7 g kg−1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Regarding macronutrient content of the spinach leaves, significant differences were only observed for potassium (K) in the order of IF (8.6 g kg−1), BD (6.8 g kg−1), and CO (6.7 g kg−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Significantly higher amounts of zinc accumulated in spinach leaves under BD than under IF and CO.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- BDe0
- Outcome
- zinc (Zn2+)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- IF and COe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significantly higher amounts of zinc (Zn2+) accumulated in spinach leaves under BD compared to IF and CO”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that fertilising spinach with BD improves growth and development just as much as IF.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- BDe0
- Outcome
- growth and developmente0
- Comparator
- IFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fertilising spinach with BD improves growth and development just as much as IF”
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See all 79 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.