Abstract
Interspecific interactions and recovery growth play an important role in crop growth, development and ultimately yield in intercropping systems. However, the impact of different water and nitrogen levels on intercropping production, interspecific interactions between intercrops, and the recovery growth of late-maturing crops is still unclear. A two-year field experiment was conducted in Yangling, Shaanxi province, to investigate the dynamics of interspecific interactions, and the effects of interspecific interactions on crop growth and yield. The experiment consisted of three factors, including three cropping systems (wheat/maize intercropping, sole wheat, sole maize), three nitrogen (N) levels and two water applications (supplementary irrigation and rainfed). The results demonstrated that, during the co-growth period, intercropped wheat was more competitive than intercropped maize; so, intercropped wheat showed a yield advantage. Intercropping increased maize yield under irrigated conditions, and this was attributed to the full recovery growth of intercropped maize after wheat harvest. However, rainfed and nil nitrogen aggravated the interspecific competition, and water deficit under maize rows, in turn, limited the recovery growth of intercropped maize, leading to yield reduction. However, compared with sole maize, the yield of intercropped maize decreased, indicating nitrogen deficiency limited the recovery growth of intercropped maize. Among all treatments, the intercropping of medium nitrogen fertilizer with irrigation had the best yield improvement and land use advantages, the total yield of intercropping was 14.8% higher than that of sole cropping, and the land use efficiency increased 16%. These results confirmed that supplementary irrigation and optimal nitrogen application alleviated the interspecific competition, promoted the recovery growth of intercropped maize and improved the yield of wheat/maize intercropping system.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped wheat was more competitive than intercropped maize during the co-growth period.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- intercroppinge2
- Outcome
- competitivee1
- Direction
- moree1
- Comparator
- intercropped maizee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“intercropped wheat was more competitive than intercropped maize”
e2“three cropping systems (wheat/maize intercropping, sole wheat, sole maize)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped wheat showed a yield advantage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- intercroppinge2
- Outcome
- yield advantagee1
- Direction
- higherinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“intercropped wheat showed a yield advantage”
e2“three cropping systems (wheat/maize intercropping, sole wheat, sole maize)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased maize yield under irrigated conditions.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Intercropping increased maize yield under irrigated conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The increase in intercropped maize yield under irrigation was attributed to full recovery growth of maize after wheat harvest.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Intercropping increased maize yield under irrigated conditions”
e2“this was attributed to the full recovery growth of intercropped maize after wheat harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Rainfed conditions and nil nitrogen aggravated interspecific competition in the intercrop.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“rainfed and nil nitrogen aggravated the interspecific competition, and water deficit under maize rows, in turn, limited the recovery growth of intercropped maize, leading to yield reduction”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit under maize rows limited the recovery growth of intercropped maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“rainfed and nil nitrogen aggravated the interspecific competition, and water deficit under maize rows, in turn, limited the recovery growth of intercropped maize, leading to yield reduction”
Claim · model-written summary
Rainfed and nil nitrogen conditions led to yield reduction of intercropped maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“rainfed and nil nitrogen aggravated the interspecific competition, and water deficit under maize rows, in turn, limited the recovery growth of intercropped maize, leading to yield reduction”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with sole maize, the yield of intercropped maize decreased.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“compared with sole maize, the yield of intercropped maize decreased”
e2“three cropping systems (wheat/maize intercropping, sole wheat, sole maize)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen deficiency limited the recovery growth of intercropped maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“indicating nitrogen deficiency limited the recovery growth of intercropped maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium nitrogen fertilizer with irrigation under intercropping gave the best yield improvement and land use advantages among all treatments.
- Taxon
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/Maize (Zea mays L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- medium nitrogen fertilizer with irrigatione1
- Outcome
- yield improvement and land use advantagese1
- Direction
- beste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the intercropping of medium nitrogen fertilizer with irrigation had the best yield improvement and land use advantages”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/Maize (Zea mays L.) Strip Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
The total yield of intercropping was 14.8% higher than that of sole cropping.
- Taxon
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/Maize (Zea mays L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- intercroppinge1
- Outcome
- total yielde1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 14.8%e1
- Comparator
- sole croppinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the total yield of intercropping was 14.8% higher than that of sole cropping”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/Maize (Zea mays L.) Strip Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
The land use efficiency of the intercrop increased by 16%.
- Taxon
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/Maize (Zea mays L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- intercroppinge2
- Outcome
- land use efficiencye1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 16%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the land use efficiency increased 16%”
e2“the total yield of intercropping was 14.8% higher than that of sole cropping”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/Maize (Zea mays L.) Strip Intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary irrigation with optimal nitrogen alleviated interspecific competition in the wheat/maize intercrop.
- Taxon
- wheat/maizeTriticum aestivum
Zea mayse0 - Treatment
- supplementary irrigation and optimal nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- interspecific competitione0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“supplementary irrigation and optimal nitrogen application alleviated the interspecific competition, promoted the recovery growth of intercropped maize and improved the yield of wheat/maize intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary irrigation with optimal nitrogen promoted the recovery growth of intercropped maize.
- Treatment
- supplementary irrigation and optimal nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- recovery growth of intercropped maizee0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“supplementary irrigation and optimal nitrogen application alleviated the interspecific competition, promoted the recovery growth of intercropped maize and improved the yield of wheat/maize intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary irrigation with optimal nitrogen improved the yield of the wheat/maize intercropping system.
- Taxon
- wheat/maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayse0
- Treatment
- supplementary irrigation and optimal nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- yield of wheat/maize intercropping systeme0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“supplementary irrigation and optimal nitrogen application alleviated the interspecific competition, promoted the recovery growth of intercropped maize and improved the yield of wheat/maize intercropping system”
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See all 1,016 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.