Abstract
Appropriate genotype selection and management can impact wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) yield in dryland environments, but their impact on yield components and their role in yield modulation are not well understood. Our objectives were to evaluate the yield response of commercial winter wheat genotypes to different management practices reflecting a stepwise increase in management intensity (including a reduction in crop density under high input), and to quantify how the different yield components modulate wheat yield. A factorial experiment evaluated six management (M) intensities [“farmer practice” (FP), “enhanced fertility” (EF), “ecological intensification” (EI), “increased foliar protection” (IFP), “water-limited yield” (Yw), and “increased plant productivity” (IPP)] and four winter wheat genotypes (G) in four Kansas environments (E). Average grain yield was 4.9 Mg ha –1 and ranged from 2.0 to 7.4 Mg ha –1 , with significant two-way interactions (E × M and E × G). The EF usually maximized yields in dry environments, while EI, which consisted of EF plus one fungicide application, maximized yields in environments with greater water availability. Across all sources of variation, kernels m –2 and aboveground biomass were the strongest modulators of yield as compared to kernel weight and harvest index, while spikes m –2 and kernels spike –1 modulated yields at a similar magnitude. Foliar fungicides improved yield through increased green canopy cover duration and greater radiation intercepted during grain filling. When crop density was reduced from 2.7 to 1.1 million plants per hectare in an otherwise high-input system, plants produced more productive tillers (with genotype-specific response); however, reduced green canopy cover at anthesis and reduced cumulative solar radiation intercepted during grain filling limited wheat yield—although large differences in canopy cover or intercepted radiation were needed to cause modest changes in yield. Treatments more intensive than EI were not warranted as EF or EI maximized yields at all environments, and practices that promote biomass and kernels m –2 are to be targeted for future increases in wheat yield.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield averaged 4.9 Mg ha –1 and ranged from 2.0 to 7.4 Mg ha –1.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Value
- 4.9 Mg ha –1e0
- Qualifier
- 2.0 to 7.4 Mg ha –1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Average grain yield was 4.9 Mg ha –1 and ranged from 2.0 to 7.4 Mg ha –1”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Environment by management and environment by genotype interactions for yield were significant.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Qualifier
- E × M and E × Ge0
- Setting
- E × Me0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with significant two-way interactions (E × M and E × G)”
e1“Average grain yield was 4.9 Mg ha –1”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced fertility usually maximized yield in dry environments.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- “enhanced fertility” (EF)e1
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- maximizede0
- Qualifier
- dry environmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The EF usually maximized yields in dry environments”
e1““enhanced fertility” (EF)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ecological intensification maximized yield in wetter environments.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- “ecological intensification” (EI)e1
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- maximizede0
- Qualifier
- environments with greater water availabilitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EI, which consisted of EF plus one fungicide application, maximized yields in environments with greater water availability”
e1““ecological intensification” (EI)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Kernels m –2 and aboveground biomass were the strongest yield modulators compared with kernel weight and harvest index.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- strongeste0
- Qualifier
- kernels m –2 and aboveground biomasse0
- Comparator
- kernel weight and harvest indexe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kernels m –2 and aboveground biomass were the strongest modulators of yield as compared to kernel weight and harvest index”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Spikes m –2 and kernels spike –1 modulated yield with similar magnitude.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- similar magnitudee0
- Comparator
- spikes m –2 and kernels spike –1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spikes m –2 and kernels spike –1 modulated yields at a similar magnitude”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar fungicides improved yield.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar fungicidese0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- increased green canopy cover duration and greater radiation intercepted during grain fillinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar fungicides improved yield through increased green canopy cover duration and greater radiation intercepted during grain filling.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar fungicides increased green canopy cover duration.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar fungicidese0
- Outcome
- green canopy cover duratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar fungicides improved yield through increased green canopy cover duration and greater radiation intercepted during grain filling.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar fungicides increased radiation intercepted during grain filling.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar fungicidese0
- Outcome
- radiation intercepted during grain fillinge0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar fungicides improved yield through increased green canopy cover duration and greater radiation intercepted during grain filling.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing crop density increased productive tillers with genotype-specific responses.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- crop density was reduced from 2.7 to 1.1 million plants per hectaree0
- Outcome
- productive tillerse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Qualifier
- genotype-specific responsee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When crop density was reduced from 2.7 to 1.1 million plants per hectare in an otherwise high-input system, plants produced more productive tillers (with genotype-specific response)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced canopy cover at anthesis limited wheat yield.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- anthesise0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- limitede0
- Qualifier
- reduced green canopy covere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced green canopy cover at anthesis and reduced cumulative solar radiation intercepted during grain filling limited wheat yield”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced radiation interception during grain filling limited wheat yield.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- grain fillinge0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- limitede0
- Qualifier
- reduced cumulative solar radiation interceptede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced green canopy cover at anthesis and reduced cumulative solar radiation intercepted during grain filling limited wheat yield”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Large differences in canopy cover or intercepted radiation caused only modest yield changes.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- changes in yielde0
- Direction
- modeste0
- Comparator
- large differences in canopy cover or intercepted radiatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“large differences in canopy cover or intercepted radiation were needed to cause modest changes in yield”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Management more intensive than ecological intensification was not warranted.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Treatments more intensive than EI were not warrantede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments more intensive than EI were not warranted as EF or EI maximized yields at all environments”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend practices that promote biomass and kernels m –2 for future yield gains.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- practices that promote biomass and kernels m –2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“practices that promote biomass and kernels m –2 are to be targeted for future increases in wheat yield”
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