Abstract
: In order to elucidate the effect of iron-based nanomaterials(NMs)on soybean growth and its related mechanisms, different concentrations(0, 1, 10 mg·L-1, and 50 mg·L-1)of γ - Fe2O3 NMs and Fe3O4 NMs were sprayed on the leaf of soybean cultured in hydroponic conditions. During the experiments, Fe-EDTA(10 mg·L-1)was used as control to compare the performance and related mechanisms of the soybean growth promotion by nanofertilizer and conventional fertilizers. Foliar-applied, iron-based NMs enhanced the shoot and root biomass, root length, root tips numbers, and root bulk of soybean. The biomass increased initially and decreased afterwards with the increase in iron-based NM concentration. All the treatments at 10 mg·L-1 exhibited the best performance for soybean growth in the order of γ-Fe2O3 NMs>Fe3O4 NMs>Fe-EDTA. Iron-based NMs exhibited higher bioavailability than Fe-EDTA due to the slow-release feature and high surface activity. The iron content in soybean roots, stems, and leaves after exposure to 10 mg·L-1 γ-Fe2O3 NMs was 1.29-, 1.09-, and 1.24 -fold of that of an equal quantity of iron in Fe-EDTA exposure. The net photosynthetic rate of soybean exposed to 10 mg·L-1 γ-Fe2O3 NMs, Fe3O4 NMs, and Fe-EDTA was increased by 62.7%, 41.5%, and 30.7%, respectively, compared with the control. The transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and intracellular CO2 concentration of soybean leaf exposed to iron-based NMs were all higher than in the Fe-EDTA treatment. Iron-based NMs up-regulated the sucrose transporter related genes(GmSWEET 15, GmSUT 2), increased the transport of photosynthate from leaf to root, and increased the root-shoot ratio, thereby enhancing the uptake of nutrients(S, P, Ca, Mn, and Cu). In conclusion, foliar application of iron-nanofertilizer(γ-Fe2O3 NMs)promoted the growth and nutrient uptake of soybean over conventional iron fertilizer. The results of this study provide a foundation for the application of iron-based NMs in promoting the growth of crops.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar iron nanomaterials enhanced soybean shoot and root biomass and root size traits.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- Foliar-applied, iron-based NMse0
- Outcome
- shoot and root biomass, root length, root tips numbers, and root bulke0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar-applied, iron-based NMs enhanced the shoot and root biomass, root length, root tips numbers, and root bulk of soybean.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean biomass first increased then decreased as iron nanomaterial concentration rose.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- iron-based NM concentratione0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- increased initially and decreased afterwardse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The biomass increased initially and decreased afterwards with the increase in iron-based NM concentration.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10 mg·L-1, γ-Fe2O3 NMs performed best for soybean growth, ahead of Fe3O4 NMs and Fe-EDTA.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- γ-Fe2O3 NMse0
- Outcome
- performance for soybean growthe0
- Direction
- beste0
- Value
- 10 mg·L-1e0
- Comparator
- Fe3O4 NMs>Fe-EDTAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All the treatments at 10 mg·L-1 exhibited the best performance for soybean growth in the order of γ-Fe2O3 NMs>Fe3O4 NMs>Fe-EDTA.”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron nanomaterials had higher bioavailability than Fe-EDTA, attributed to slow release and surface activity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Iron-based NMse0
- Outcome
- higher bioavailabilitye0
- Qualifier
- slow-release feature and high surface activitye0
- Comparator
- Fe-EDTAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Iron-based NMs exhibited higher bioavailability than Fe-EDTA due to the slow-release feature and high surface activity.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Root iron content after γ-Fe2O3 exposure was 1.29-fold that under Fe-EDTA.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- 10 mg·L-1 γ-Fe2O3 NMse0
- Outcome
- iron contente0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 1.29-e0
- Comparator
- Fe-EDTA exposuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The iron content in soybean roots, stems, and leaves after exposure to 10 mg·L-1 γ-Fe2O3 NMs was 1.29-, 1.09-, and 1.24 -fold of that of an equal quantity of iron in Fe-EDTA exposure.”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem iron content after γ-Fe2O3 exposure was 1.09-fold that under Fe-EDTA.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- stemse0
- Treatment
- 10 mg·L-1 γ-Fe2O3 NMse0
- Outcome
- iron contente0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 1.09-e0
- Comparator
- Fe-EDTA exposuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The iron content in soybean roots, stems, and leaves after exposure to 10 mg·L-1 γ-Fe2O3 NMs was 1.29-, 1.09-, and 1.24 -fold of that of an equal quantity of iron in Fe-EDTA exposure.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf iron content after γ-Fe2O3 exposure was 1.24-fold that under Fe-EDTA.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- 10 mg·L-1 γ-Fe2O3 NMse0
- Outcome
- iron contente0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 1.24 -folde0
- Comparator
- Fe-EDTA exposuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The iron content in soybean roots, stems, and leaves after exposure to 10 mg·L-1 γ-Fe2O3 NMs was 1.29-, 1.09-, and 1.24 -fold of that of an equal quantity of iron in Fe-EDTA exposure.”
Claim · model-written summary
γ-Fe2O3 raised soybean net photosynthesis by 62.7% versus control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- 10 mg·L-1 γ-Fe2O3 NMse0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 62.7%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net photosynthetic rate of soybean exposed to 10 mg·L-1 γ-Fe2O3 NMs, Fe3O4 NMs, and Fe-EDTA was increased by 62.7%, 41.5%, and 30.7%, respectively, compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe3O4 raised soybean net photosynthesis by 41.5% versus control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Fe3O4 NMse0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 41.5%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net photosynthetic rate of soybean exposed to 10 mg·L-1 γ-Fe2O3 NMs, Fe3O4 NMs, and Fe-EDTA was increased by 62.7%, 41.5%, and 30.7%, respectively, compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-EDTA raised soybean net photosynthesis by 30.7% versus control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Fe-EDTAe0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30.7%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net photosynthetic rate of soybean exposed to 10 mg·L-1 γ-Fe2O3 NMs, Fe3O4 NMs, and Fe-EDTA was increased by 62.7%, 41.5%, and 30.7%, respectively, compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron nanomaterials increased soybean leaf transpiration, stomatal conductance and intracellular CO2 versus Fe-EDTA.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- iron-based NMse0
- Outcome
- transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and intracellular CO2 concentratione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Fe-EDTA treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and intracellular CO2 concentration of soybean leaf exposed to iron-based NMs were all higher than in the Fe-EDTA treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron nanomaterials upregulated soybean GmSWEET 15 and GmSUT 2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Iron-based NMse0
- Gene
- GmSWEET 15, GmSUT 2e0
- Outcome
- sucrose transporter related genese0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Iron-based NMs up-regulated the sucrose transporter related genes(GmSWEET 15, GmSUT 2)”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron nanomaterials increased photosynthate transport from leaf to root and the root-shoot ratio.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Iron-based NMse0
- Outcome
- transport of photosynthate from leaf to root, and increased the root-shoot ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Iron-based NMs up-regulated the sucrose transporter related genes(GmSWEET 15, GmSUT 2), increased the transport of photosynthate from leaf to root, and increased the root-shoot ratio”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron nanomaterials enhanced soybean uptake of S, P, Ca, Mn and Cu.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- uptake of nutrients(S, P, Ca, Mn, and Cu)e0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thereby enhancing the uptake of nutrients(S, P, Ca, Mn, and Cu)”
t0“soybean”
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