Abstract
Infrared thermometry allows evaluating water status of the crop by measuring crop water stress index (CWSI), without the need of physical contact to leaves. In order to quantify water stress by CWSI and finding the best irrigation regime a two-year field experiment was conducted in safflower during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons at Darab, Fars province, Iran. Two safflower cultivars (Goldasht and Local Isfahan) and four irrigation regimes consisted of well-watered [Irrigation based on 100% field capacity (FC)], mild (75% FC), severe (50% FC), and most severe (25% FC) water stress were arranged as split plot according to randomized completely block design with four replicates. The relationship between vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and canopy-air temperature differences (Tc-Ta) was plotted under upper (fully stressed) and lower baselines (non-stressed) equations. In two cultivars, by VPD increment, the distance between upper and lower base lines increased. In Goldasht, the upper baseline (Tc-Ta)ul, was 7.8°C in 2017 and 8.9°C in 2018. From April to July when air warmed, Tc-Ta differential was increased up to July and the highest seasonal CWSI (0.72 to 0.77) were obtained in Local Isfahan under most severe water stress. In 2017, under water stress, the highest relative water content (RWC; 55%), color quality (6-7) and water use efficiency (WUE; 2.69 g. m-2. mm-1) was observed in Goldasht under mild water stress which was more than 2018 and Local Isfahan. It might be attributed the more tolerance of Goldasht to water stress and lower air temperature and evaporation in the first year. CWSI with total water consumed (R2= 0.88**), RWC (R2= 0.87**), color quality (R2= 0.75*) and seed yield (R2= 0.83**) related, negatively. Overall, a mild water stress (75% FC) with 0.28 to 0.33 seasonal CWSI had higher RWC, color quality, WUE, with an acceptable yield, which could be the best irrigation regime under water deficit conditions for safflower.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
The highest seasonal CWSI (0.72 to 0.77) occurred in Local Isfahan under the most severe water stress.
- Taxon
- safflower
Carthamus tinctoriust0 - Material
- Local Isfahane2
- Treatment
- most severe water stresse2
- Outcome
- seasonal CWSIe2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 0.72 to 0.77e2
- Setting
- Darab, Fars province, Irane1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)”
e1“a two-year field experiment was conducted in safflower during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons at Darab, Fars province, Iran”
e2“the highest seasonal CWSI (0.72 to 0.77) were obtained in Local Isfahan under most severe water stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Under mild water stress in 2017, Goldasht had the highest relative water content (55%).
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Material
- Goldashte3
- Treatment
- mild water stresse3
- Outcome
- relative water contente3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Value
- 55%e3
- Qualifier
- In 2017e3
- Comparator
- Local Isfahane3
- Setting
- Darab, Fars province, Irane1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)”
e1“a two-year field experiment was conducted in safflower during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons at Darab, Fars province, Iran”
e3“In 2017, under water stress, the highest relative water content (RWC; 55%), color quality (6-7) and water use efficiency (WUE; 2.69 g. m-2. mm-1) was observed in Goldasht under mild water stress which was more than 2018 and Local Isfahan”
Claim · model-written summary
Under mild water stress in 2017, Goldasht had the highest color quality (6-7).
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Material
- Goldashte3
- Treatment
- mild water stresse3
- Outcome
- color qualitye3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Value
- 6-7e3
- Qualifier
- In 2017e3
- Comparator
- Local Isfahane3
- Setting
- Darab, Fars province, Irane1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)”
e1“a two-year field experiment was conducted in safflower during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons at Darab, Fars province, Iran”
e3“In 2017, under water stress, the highest relative water content (RWC; 55%), color quality (6-7) and water use efficiency (WUE; 2.69 g. m-2. mm-1) was observed in Goldasht under mild water stress which was more than 2018 and Local Isfahan”
Claim · model-written summary
Under mild water stress in 2017, Goldasht had the highest water use efficiency (2.69 g. m-2. mm-1).
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Material
- Goldashte3
- Treatment
- mild water stresse3
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Value
- 2.69 g. m-2. mm-1e3
- Qualifier
- In 2017e3
- Comparator
- Local Isfahane3
- Setting
- Darab, Fars province, Irane1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)”
e1“a two-year field experiment was conducted in safflower during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons at Darab, Fars province, Iran”
e3“In 2017, under water stress, the highest relative water content (RWC; 55%), color quality (6-7) and water use efficiency (WUE; 2.69 g. m-2. mm-1) was observed in Goldasht under mild water stress which was more than 2018 and Local Isfahan”
Claim · model-written summary
The distance between upper and lower baselines of canopy-air temperature difference increased with VPD increment.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- VPD incremente4
- Outcome
- distance between upper and lower baselinese4
- Direction
- increasede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)”
e4“In two cultivars, by VPD increment, the distance between upper and lower baselines increased”
Claim · model-written summary
The upper baseline (Tc-Ta)ul of Goldasht was 7.8°C in 2017 and 8.9°C in 2018.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Material
- Goldashte5
- Outcome
- upper baseline (Tc-Ta)ule5
- Value
- 7.8°C in 2017 and 8.9°C in 2018e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)”
e5“In Goldasht, the upper baseline (Tc-Ta)ul, was 7.8°C in 2017 and 8.9°C in 2018”
Claim · model-written summary
Tc-Ta differential increased up to July as air warmed from April.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Outcome
- Tc-Ta differentiale6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Qualifier
- From April to July when air warmede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)”
e6“From April to July when air warmed, Tc-Ta differential was increased up to July”
Claim · model-written summary
Seasonal CWSI was negatively related to total water consumed (R2= 0.88).
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- CWSIe7
- Outcome
- total water consumede7
- Direction
- negativelye7
- Value
- R2= 0.88e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)”
e7“CWSI with total water consumed (R2= 0.88**), RWC (R2= 0.87**), color quality (R2= 0.75*) and seed yield (R2= 0.83**) related, negatively”
Claim · model-written summary
Seasonal CWSI was negatively related to relative water content (R2= 0.87).
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)”
e7“CWSI with total water consumed (R2= 0.88**), RWC (R2= 0.87**), color quality (R2= 0.75*) and seed yield (R2= 0.83**) related, negatively”
Claim · model-written summary
Seasonal CWSI was negatively related to color quality (R2= 0.75).
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- CWSIe7
- Outcome
- color qualitye7
- Direction
- negativelye7
- Value
- R2= 0.75e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)”
e7“CWSI with total water consumed (R2= 0.88**), RWC (R2= 0.87**), color quality (R2= 0.75*) and seed yield (R2= 0.83**) related, negatively”
Claim · model-written summary
Seasonal CWSI was negatively related to seed yield (R2= 0.83).
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- CWSIe7
- Outcome
- seed yielde7
- Direction
- negativelye7
- Value
- R2= 0.83e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)”
e7“CWSI with total water consumed (R2= 0.88**), RWC (R2= 0.87**), color quality (R2= 0.75*) and seed yield (R2= 0.83**) related, negatively”
Claim · model-written summary
A mild water stress (75% FC) with 0.28 to 0.33 seasonal CWSI could be the best irrigation regime under water deficit conditions for safflower.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- mild water stress (75% FC)e6
- Outcome
- best irrigation regime under water deficit conditionse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)”
e6“Overall, a mild water stress (75% FC) with 0.28 to 0.33 seasonal CWSI had higher RWC, color quality, WUE, with an acceptable yield, which could be the best irrigation regime under water deficit conditions for safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Goldasht may be more tolerant to water stress, with lower air temperature and evaporation in the first year as a possible explanation.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Material
- Goldashte7
- Outcome
- more tolerance of Goldasht to water stresse7
- Qualifier
- lower air temperature and evaporation in the first yeare7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)”
e7“It might be attributed the more tolerance of Goldasht to water stress and lower air temperature and evaporation in the first year”
The same questions in other papers
drought · physiology: water · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Positive and negative results
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- negative
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See all 14 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.